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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">edscience</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Образование и наука</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The Education and science journal</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1994-5639</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2310-5828</issn><publisher><publisher-name>RSVPU</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17853/1994-5639-2018-9-35-55</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">edscience-1034</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПРОБЛЕМЫ МЕТОДОЛОГИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>METHODOLOGY PROBLEMS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Три аспекта феномена «наука»: поиск единства среди социологов</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Three Aspects of the Phenomenon of Science: In Search for Unity among Sociologists</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7856-5413</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Попова</surname><given-names>Н. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Popova</surname><given-names>N. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Попова Наталья Геннадьевна – кандидат социологических наук, старший научный сотрудник Сектора теоретической лингвистики и академических коммуникаций, заведующая кафедрой иностранных языков </p><p>Екатеринбург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natalia G. Popova – PhD (Sociology), Senior Researcher, Sector of Theoretical Linguistics and Academic Communications, Departmental Head, Department of Foreign Languages </p><p>Ekaterinburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ngpopova@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1933-9955</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Биричева</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Biricheva</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Биричева Екатерина Вячеславовна – кандидат философских наук, научный сотрудник Сектора истории и философии науки </p><p>Екатеринбург</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterina V. Biricheva – PhD (Philosophy), Researcher, Sector of History and Philosophy of Science </p><p>Ekaterinburg</p><p> </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">e.v.biricheva@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3391-2167</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бивитт</surname><given-names>T. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Beavitt</surname><given-names>T. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"/><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Thomas A. Beavitt – Researcher, Sector of Theoretical Linguistics and Academic Communications</p><p>Ekaterinburg Russia; UK</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tommy@globalvillagebard.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт философии и права Уральского отделения Российской академии наук</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Philosophy and Law, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт философии и права Уральского отделения Российской академии наук; «&#13;
The ‘Global Village Bard’ organization</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Philosophy and Law, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; &#13;
The ‘Global Village Bard’ Organisation, Russia – UK</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2018</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>03</day><month>12</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>20</volume><issue>9</issue><fpage>35</fpage><lpage>55</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Попова Н.Г., Биричева Е.В., Бивитт T.А., 2018</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2018</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Попова Н.Г., Биричева Е.В., Бивитт T.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Popova N.G., Biricheva E.V., Beavitt T.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.edscience.ru/jour/article/view/1034">https://www.edscience.ru/jour/article/view/1034</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. В современном глобализующемся мире научные знания приобретают все большую значимость: они интегрируют усилия человечества для решения общих проблем, становятся одними из ведущих факторов развития общества, облегчают труд и разнообразят досуг людей. Кроме того, они используются и в качестве инструмента социально-политических трансформаций. Не случайно сегодня внимание огромного количества исследователей приковано к социальным аспектам науки, а также образования как важнейшего взаимосвязанного с ней социального института.</p><p>Однако вопрос о том, все ли направления социологии науки трактуют объект своего изучения одинаково, остается открытым. Между тем практически полное отсутствие рефлексии по поводу единства в понимании существа науки в поле социологических исследований затрудняет сопоставление различных теорий развития научного знания в институциональном, культурном, социально-коммуникативном контекстах. Такое положение дел актуализирует поиск решения одной из центральных методологических задач по осмыслению вариантов определения понятия «наука», используемых в рамках современного социологического анализа данного феномена.</p><p>Цель публикации заключается в попытке сопоставить основные трактовки науки – как экспериментально-математического способа познания мира и как системы представлений о существующих реалиях.</p><p>Результаты и научная новизна. В ходе обсуждения проблемы авторы приходят к выводу о том, что исследования, посвященные изучению институциональных аспектов, тяготеют к пониманию науки как рационалистического «наследия» Европы Нового времени, а конструкционистски и коммуникативистски ориентированные течения склонны рассматривать ее как систему знания и познания, которая формируется в любом человеческом сообществе, имея, однако, в каждом случае свои специфические социокультурные черты. Каждое из двух указанных направлений, несомненно, обладает своим методологическим потенциалом. Тем не менее в целях выведения таких разноплановых исследований на единую почву предлагается уравновесить их третьей точкой зрения, согласно которой наука есть «теория действительного», имеющая черты универсально-общечеловеческого и уникально-культурного феномена.</p></sec><sec><title>Практическая значимость</title><p>Практическая значимость. Ответ на вопрос: «Что мы изучаем, когда проводим социологическое исследование науки?» позволит избежать плюрализма несопоставимых теорий и понять «границы применимости» той трактовки науки, от которой мы отталкиваемся в социологическом анализе.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. In today’s globalising world, science acquires a crucial importance: integrating humanity within the framework of solving global problems, it becomes one of the leading factors in social development, facilitating work and diversifying leisure time, as well as serving as an instrument of transformations in the political sphere. Undoubtedly, the social aspects of contemporary science are capturing the attention of a huge number of researchers. However, it is not clear that all areas of the sociology of science treat the object of their study in the same way.</p></sec><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. A lack of reflection on the unity or otherwise in the understanding of the essence of science in the various fields of sociological research makes it difficult to compare different theories of the institutional, cultural, social and communicative contexts of scientific development. An urgent methodological task therefore consists in developing an understanding of the various definitions of the concept of “science” used in the framework of contemporary sociological analysis of this phenomenon.</p><p>Results and scientific novelty. In this paper, two dominant sociological views on science – as an experimental-mathematical approach to cognising the world and as a system of representations in general – are compared. We conclude that while researchers studying institutional aspects of science tend to interpret it in terms of the “heritage” of post-Enlightenment European rationalism, constructionist and communicatively-oriented researchers tend to approach science as the system of knowledge and cognition that is formed in any human society, having its own specific sociocultural features in each respective case. While each of these two approaches undoubtedly has its own methodological potential, in order to provide such a diverse field of studies with a common ground, it would be necessary to balance them with a third aspect. We argue that this balancing role, since both common for all mankind and unique for every culture, could be played by Heidegger’s conceptualisation of science as “the theory of the real”.</p></sec><sec><title>Practical significance</title><p>Practical significance. In order to avoid a pluralism of incompatible theories, it is important to continually pose the question “what is the object of study when conducting a sociological study of various scientific phenomena?” – as well as to understand the “limits of applicability” of the particular interpretation of science on which basis sociological analysis proceeds.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>социология науки</kwd><kwd>институты науки</kwd><kwd>генерация научного знания</kwd><kwd>понятие науки</kwd><kwd>философия науки</kwd><kwd>экспериментально-математическое познание</kwd><kwd>система знаний</kwd><kwd>теория действительного</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>sociology of science</kwd><kwd>social institutions of science</kwd><kwd>generation of scientific knowledge</kwd><kwd>concept of science</kwd><kwd>philosophy of science</kwd><kwd>experimental and mathematical knowledge</kwd><kwd>knowledge system</kwd><kwd>theory of the real</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Latour B. 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