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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">edscience</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Образование и наука</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The Education and science journal</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1994-5639</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2310-5828</issn><publisher><publisher-name>RSVPU</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17853/1994-5639-2021-9-186-202</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">edscience-2464</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КОНСУЛЬТАЦИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CONSULTATIONS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Зона ближайшего развития и скаффолдинг, необходимые для учеников средней школы при решении математических задач</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Zone of proximal development and scaffolding required by junior high school students in solving mathematical problems</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8284-5159</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Утомо</surname><given-names>Д. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Utomo</surname><given-names>D. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Утомо Дви Приё – магистр (математика), старший преподаватель и секретарь по исследованиям кафедры математического образования педагогического факультета</p><p>Маланг</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dwi Priyo Utomo – M. Sci. (Mathematics), Principal Lecturer and Secretary of the Research, Department of Mathematics Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education</p><p>Malang</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dwipriyoutomo2021@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сантосо</surname><given-names>Т.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Santoso</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сантосо Тегух – магистр (математика), преподаватель кафедры математического образования педагогического факультета</p><p>Маланг</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Teguh Santoso – M. Sci. (Mathematics), Lecturer, Department of Mathematics Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education</p><p>Malang</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">teguhsantosoumm@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Университет Мухаммадии</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>University of Muhammadiyah</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>12</day><month>11</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>23</volume><issue>9</issue><fpage>186</fpage><lpage>202</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Утомо Д.П., Сантосо Т., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Утомо Д.П., Сантосо Т.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Utomo D.P., Santoso T.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.edscience.ru/jour/article/view/2464">https://www.edscience.ru/jour/article/view/2464</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Математика включает в себя классификацию понятий. Это означает, что одно конкретное понятие может быть взаимосвязано с другим понятием, и этот процесс непрерывен. Обычно математику в школах изучают от самых простых понятий до самых сложных, что требует глубокого понимания каждого из них. Совершенно очевидно, что, приобретая понимание, обучающиеся могут эффективно решать математические задачи.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Настоящее исследование направлено на анализ и описание зоны ближайшего развития (ЗБР) и скаффолдинга (педагогической поддержки), необходимых для учеников средней школы при решении математических задач. Предпринята попытка описать фактический уровень компетентности, приобретенной школьниками, и определить уровень скаффолдинга, необходимого для формирования учебных компетенций.</p><p>Методология и методы исследования. В данном исследовании используется метод качественного анализа на основе описательного подхода. Объектом являлись шесть учеников девятого класса средней школы Мухаммадия 1 Маланг (Маланг, Индонезия) приняли участие в исследовании. Испытуемые были сгруппированы на основе их уровня математической компетентности: два ученика с высоким уровнем достижений, два – со средним, два – с низким. Данные были собраны с помощью тестирования, собеседования и наблюдения. Что касается учебно-методических материалов, то в качестве основной темы была выбрана геометрия, охватывающая раздел «Объемы цилиндра и шара».</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Данное исследование показало, что обучение учеников с высоким уровнем достижений в ЗБР было эффективным для самостоятельного решения математических задач. И наоборот, у учеников со средним и низким уровнем достижений были обнаружены проблемы при самостоятельном решении математических задач. Учителям необходимо пересматривать и дорабатывать стратегии скаффолдинга, работая в интенсивном режиме со школьниками, которые хуже справляются с математическими задачами.</p><p>Научная новизна исследования заключается в том, что предыдущие работы описывали лишь попытки по повышению качества обучения с помощью скаффолдинга (Siyepu S., 2013). Настоящее исследование полностью описывает процесс скаффолдинга в классе: определение фактических способностей школьников и выявление потенциальных способностей после применения технологии скаффолдинга.</p></sec><sec><title>Практическая значимость</title><p>Практическая значимость. Результаты исследования предполагают, что учителя должны быть более внимательными и, следовательно, применять более подходящие стратегии скаффолдинга при обучении детей в средней школе. Кроме того, учителям настоятельно рекомендуется самосовершенствоваться и заниматься самообразованием в области реализации педагогической технологии скаффолдинга, продолжая обучать своих учеников, чтобы систематически анализировать ответы школьников во избежание ошибок в вычислениях. Более того, учителя должны подготовить своих учеников хорошо решать различные математические задачи, предлагая им другие варианты упражнений. Для осуществления дальнейших научных изысканий весьма ожидаемо проводить релевантные исследования с различных точек зрения, например, исследовать стратегии эффективного скаффолдинга.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Mathematics comprises grading concepts. It means that one specific concept can be interrelated to another concept, which embodies a continuous process. Mathematics instruction at schools is ordinarily delivered from the easiest to the hardest concepts and requires a considerably deep understanding of each concept. By acquiring the understanding, it is quite certain that students can solve mathematical problems effectively.</p></sec><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. The current research aimed to analyse and describe the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) and scaffolding required by junior high school students in mathematical problem-solving. There is also an attempt to describe the actual level of competence possessed by students, and to determine the level of scaffolding needed to develop students’ learning competencies.</p><p>Methodology and research methods. The present research employed a qualitative method within the descriptive approach. The research sample consisted of six students who attended the ninth grade at Muhammadiyah Junior High School 1 in Malang, Indonesia. The participants were grouped based on their mathematical competence levels, i.e. two high-achievers, two average-achievers, and two low-achievers. The data collection technique is done by giving tests, interviews, and observations. As for the teaching material, geometry was chosen as the main theme, covering the topic “Volumes of a Tube and a Ball”.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. This research revealed that ZPD of the high-achievers was effective to help them solve mathematical problems independently. Conversely, the average- and low-achievers were found to be problematic at solving mathematical problems independently. The teachers must review and restructure the scaffolding strategies, dealing intensively with students who are less competent in solving mathematical problems.</p><p>The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that previous studies have described efforts to improve the quality of learning through scaffolding (Siyepu S., 2013). This study describes in full the scaffolding process in the classroom: identification of students’ actual abilities and potential abilities after implementing instructional scaffolding.</p></sec><sec><title>Practical significance</title><p>Practical significance. Referring to the results of the research, it is suggested that teachers should be so heedful about their students’ ZPD and thus more appropriate scaffolding treatments can be applied. In addition, teachers are strongly recommended doing self-training in scaffolding and keeping the instruction for their students to analyse their answers repeatedly to avoid a fallacy in operations. Besides, teachers should prepare their students to be good problem-solvers by exposing them to various exercises. For further studies, it is highly expected that more relevant research should be conducted from different viewpoints, i.e. investigating the effective scaffolding strategies.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>зона ближайшего развития</kwd><kwd>скаффолдинг</kwd><kwd>фактическая компетентность</kwd><kwd>потенциальная компетентность</kwd><kwd>решение математических задач</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>zone of proximal development</kwd><kwd>scaffolding</kwd><kwd>actual competence</kwd><kwd>potential competency</kwd><kwd>mathematical problem-solving</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Данное исследование было поддержано Институтом исследований и общественных работ Университета Мухаммадии (Маланг, Индонезия).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This study was supported by the Research and Community Service Institute of University of Muhammadiyah (Malang, Indonesia).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">NCTM. 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