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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">edscience</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Образование и наука</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The Education and science journal</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1994-5639</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2310-5828</issn><publisher><publisher-name>RSVPU</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17853/1994-5639-2022-7-76-109</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">edscience-2853</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЩИЕ ВОПРОСЫ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>GENERAL EDUCATION</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Отношение учеников и учителей к обратной связи: противоречия и тенденции развития</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Teachers’ and students’ attitudes towards feedback: Contradictions and development trends</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9611-2661</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Азбель</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Azbel</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Азбель Анастасия Анатольевна – кандидат психологических наук, доцент Института педагогики СПбГУ.</p><p>Санкт-Петербург.</p><p>ResearcherID P-9665-2015, Scopus Author ID 6508126504</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anastasia A. Azbel – Cand. Sci. (Psychology), Associate Professor, Institute of Pedagogy, Saint Petersburg State University.</p><p>Saint Petersburg.</p><p>ResearcherID P-9665-2015, Scopus Author ID 6508126504</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">a.azbel@spbu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0962-1538</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Илюшин</surname><given-names>Л. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ilyushin</surname><given-names>L. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Илюшин Леонид Сергеевич – доктор педагогических наук, доцент Института педагогики СПбГУ.</p><p>Санкт-Петербург.</p><p>ResearcherID P-9665-2015, Scopus Author ID 6508126504</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Leonid S. Ilyushin – Dr. Sci. (Education), Associate Professor, Institute of Pedagogy, Saint Petersburg State University.</p><p>Saint Petersburg.</p><p>ResearcherID P-9665-2015, Scopus Author ID 6508126504</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">l.ilushin@spbu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8451-7151</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Казакова</surname><given-names>Е. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kazakova</surname><given-names>E. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Казакова Елена Ивановна – доктор педагогических наук, член-корреспондент Российской академии образования, директор Института педагогики, профессор кафедры педагогики СПбГУ.</p><p>Санкт-Петербург.</p><p>ResearcherID A-3998-2016, Scopus Author ID 57205528456</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena I. Kazakova – Dr. Sci. (Education), Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Education, Director of Institute of Pedagogy, Professor, Department of Education, Saint-Petersburg State University.</p><p>Saint Petersburg.</p><p>ResearcherID A-3998-2016, Scopus Author ID 57205528456</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">e.kazakova@spbu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Морозова</surname><given-names>П. A.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Morozova</surname><given-names>P. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Морозова Полина Анатольевна – магистр Института педагогики СПбГУ.</p><p>Санкт-Петербург.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Polina A. Morozova – M. Sci., Institute of Pedagogy, Saint Petersburg State University.</p><p>Saint Petersburg.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">polina_2312@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Saint Petersburg State University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>10</day><month>09</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>7</issue><fpage>76</fpage><lpage>109</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Азбель А.А., Илюшин Л.С., Казакова Е.И., Морозова П.A., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Азбель А.А., Илюшин Л.С., Казакова Е.И., Морозова П.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Azbel A.A., Ilyushin L.S., Kazakova E.I., Morozova P.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.edscience.ru/jour/article/view/2853">https://www.edscience.ru/jour/article/view/2853</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. В основу исследования положен один из выводов мета-анализа Дж. Хэтти, доказывающий важность обратной связи в образовательном процессе как одного из критических факторов, влияющих на результаты обучения. Однако остается открытым вопрос, насколько значимым воспринимается этот фактор исследователями образования и непосредственными участниками образовательных отношений – преподавателями и учащимися. Объективный ответ на этот вопрос позволит разработать практические шаги по формированию грамотности применения обратной связи в современном школьном образовании.</p><p>Цель – на основе данных комплексного эмпирического исследования выявить и проанализировать ценностный аспект отношения к обратной связи со стороны учителей и учеников как к составной части академической грамотности.</p><p>Методология, методы и методики. Для обозначения общедидактических границ теоретической дискуссии авторами была выбрана модель грамотности в области обратной связи (feedback literacy), которая состоит из четырех компонентов: принятие ценности обратной связи, способность выносить суждения, контроль эмоций и способность действовать на основе обратной связи. Комплексное эмпирическое исследование состояло из двух этапов в 2020–2021 гг. и проводилось на репрезентативных выборках старшеклассников и учителей из разных регионов России. На первом этапе было изучено ценностное отношение к обратной связи среди старшеклассников. В срезовой диагностике приняла участие репрезентативная группа старшеклассников (n = 2710). Результаты получили развитие в полевом эксперименте с участием школьников от 16 до 18 лет (n = 137), проходивших обучение по единой программе. На втором этапе было организовано сравнительное исследование среди учителей (n = 134) методом письменного опроса, содержащего закрытые и открытые вопросы о понимании учителями феномена обратной связи и их отношении к нему. В этот опрос были также включены данные, полученные при анкетировании школьников на первом этапе, с целью их экспертной оценки учителями. Таким образом, учителя были мотивированы к проявлению рефлексивной и экспертной позиции, что позволило получить более целостное представление о предмете исследования.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. В результате исследования было установлено, что российские учителя понимают концепт обратной связи достаточно полно, хотя такое понимание является скорее интуитивным, а не освоенным на практике. Отметки за успеваемость воспринимаются учителями как некачественная, формализованная обратная связь, а альтернативные ей способы (комментарии к работе ученика) – как ресурсозатратные и поэтому не применимые в ежедневной практике.</p><p>Результаты исследования показали, что обратная связь воспринимается подростками скорее как прерогатива учителя, а не как собственная возможность развивать у себя умение учиться. В то же время современные школьники хотят получать обратную связь в форме развернутого комментария, хотя и не имеют опыта работы с ним. В условиях позитивного побуждения учеников к запросу обратной связи от педагога подростки готовы быстро изменять свою образовательную коммуникацию со взрослым для достижения более высоких результатов.</p><p>Согласно полученным результатам, учителя считают учеников в основном неспособными верно интерпретировать безотметочную обратную связь, а также формулировать свой запрос на нее. К другим внешним обстоятельствам, препятствующим развитию практик качественной обратной связи, относятся, по мнению учителей, доминирование балльной системы оценивания в школе; организационно-бюрократические издержки, ограничивающие учительский поиск в области способов обратной связи; транслируемую родителями установку на формальные (отметочные) результаты; неспособность учеников объективно воспринимать иную, чем формальное оценивание, обратную связь.</p><p>Результаты исследования демонстрируют, что учителя в целом низко оценивают готовность школьников к работе с развернутой обратной связью и к запросу на нее, связывая это с несформированностью у своих учеников эмоциональных, когнитивных и коммуникативных навыков, которые необходимы им для запроса, восприятия и интерпретации полноценной обратной связи.</p></sec><sec><title>Научная новизна</title><p>Научная новизна. Исследование подтвердило актуальность теоретико-эмпирической модели feedback literacy для основной школы, несмотря на то что изначально она была предложена для вузов. В исследовании впервые сопоставлено отношение к концепту обратной связи со стороны разных субъектов образовательного процесса – учеников и учителей.</p></sec><sec><title>Практическая значимость</title><p>Практическая значимость. На основе эмпирических данных были выявлены дефициты и противоречия в представлениях учителей о практике обратной связи, а также оценена готовность учеников к использованию ресурсов обратной связи в личностно ориентированном (персонализированном) обучении. Применение модели feedback literacy к контексту современной российской школы позволило выявить смысловые, ценностные и коммуникативные дефициты качественной обратной связи, возникающие на начальной стадии ее освоения, что может быть востребованным практическим результатом для международных образовательных практик.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. The study is based on one of the findings of J. Hattie’s meta-analysis, which proves the importance of feedback in the educational process as a critical factor affecting the quality of learning outcomes. However, the issue about the significance of this factor and its perception by education researchers and direct participants in educational relations (teachers and students) is still open to question. An objective answer to this question will develop practical steps to develop literacy in applying feedback in modern school education.</p></sec><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. Based on the data of a comprehensive empirical study, the present research is aimed to identify and analyse the value aspect of the attitude to feedback from teachers and students as an integral part of academic literacy.</p><p>Methodology and research methods. To mark the general didactic boundaries of the theoretical discussion, the authors chose the feedback literacy model, which consists of four components: the acceptance of the value of feedback, the ability to make judgments, the control of emotions, and the ability to act on the basis of feedback. The comprehensive empirical research consisted of two stages in 2020–2021; it was conducted on representative samples of high school students and teachers from different regions of Russia. At the first stage, the authors studied value attitude to feedback among high school students. A representative group of high school students (n = 2710) took part in the cross-sectional research. The cross-sectional research outcomes were developed in a field experiment with school children from 16 to 18 years old (n = 137) trained according to the unified programme. At the second stage, a comparative research among teachers (n = 134) was carried out using the method of a written survey containing closed and open questions about teachers’ understanding of the feedback phenomenon and their attitude towards it. This survey also included the data obtained from the survey of school children at the first stage, aiming for their expert evaluation by teachers. Thus, teachers were motivated to display a reflective and expert position, making it possible to obtain a more holistic view of the research subject.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. As a result of the present research, it was found that Russian teachers understand the concept of feedback quite fully, although such an understanding is more intuitive than mastered in practice. Marks for progress are perceived by teachers as low-quality, formalised feedback, and alternative methods (comments on the student’s work) as resource-consuming and, therefore, not applicable in daily practice.</p><p>The research outcomes showed that adolescents perceive feedback more as the teacher’s prerogative and not as their opportunity to develop their learning ability. At the same time, modern school children want to receive feedback in the form of a detailed commentary, although they do not have experience with it. In the context of a positive encouragement of students to request feedback from a teacher, adolescents are ready to quickly change their scholarly communication with an adult to achieve better results.</p><p>According to the results obtained, teachers consider students generally unable to interpret correctly unmarked feedback and formulate their request for it. Other external circumstances hindering the development of qualitative feedback practices include, in the opinion of teachers, the dominance of the point system of assessment in school; organisational and bureaucratic costs that limit the teacher’s search in the field of feedback methods; parents’ attitude towards formal (marking) results; the inability of students to objectively perceive feedback other than formal assessment.</p><p>The results of the study demonstrate that teachers, on the whole, give a low rating to the readiness of school children to work with detailed feedback and to request it, linking this with the lack of formation of emotional, cognitive and communication skills in their students that they need to request, perceive and interpret full feedback.</p></sec><sec><title>Scientific novelty</title><p>Scientific novelty. The study confirmed the relevance of the theoretical-empirical model “feedback literacy” for the school, although it was initially proposed for universities. The study compared for the first time the attitude to the concept of feedback on the part of different subjects of the educational process – students and teachers.</p></sec><sec><title>Practical significance</title><p>Practical significance. Based on empirical data, deficiencies and contradictions in teachers’ ideas about the practice of feedback were identified, and the readiness of students to use feedback resources in student-centred (personalised) learning was assessed. Applying the feedback literacy model to the context of the modern Russian school has made it possible to identify the semantic, value and communicative deficiencies of quality feedback that arise at the initial stage of its development, which can be a demanded practical result for international educational practices.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>обратная связь в школе</kwd><kwd>грамотность в области обратной связи</kwd><kwd>запрос на обратную связь</kwd><kwd>образовательное поведение</kwd><kwd>оценивание</kwd><kwd>персонализированное образование</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>feedback at school</kwd><kwd>feedback literacy</kwd><kwd>request for feedback</kwd><kwd>educational behaviour</kwd><kwd>assessment</kwd><kwd>personalised education</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Авторы выражают признательность Санкт-Петербургскому университету за предоставление возможности работать над этим исследованием в рамках проекта «Научно-методическое  сопровождение  образовательных  программ  по  работе с филологически одаренными школьниками» (ID 60580442), а также директору школы № 619 г. Санкт-Петербурга и председателю оргкомитета образовательного форума «Молодые молодым» в рамках Петербургского международного образовательного форума Ирине Григорьевне Байковой за организацию помощи сбора данных для исследования. Авторы благодарят рецензентов, рекомендации и замечания которых позволили существенно улучшить качество данной публикации.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The authors express their gratitude to St. Petersburg University for providing the opportunity to work on this research within the framework of the project “Scientific and Methodological Support of Educational Programmes for Working with Philologically Gifted School-Children (ID 60580442). The authors also want to express their sincere gratitude to Irina G. Baikova, the director of school No. 619 in St. Petersburg and the Organising Committee Chairman of the Educational Forum “Young to Young” within the framework of the St. Petersburg International Educational Forum, for organising assistance in collecting data for the study. The authors gratefully acknowledge the anonymous reviewers for their valuable suggestions, which allowed the team of authors to significantly improve the manuscript.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Winstone N. E., Balloo K., Carless D. Discipline-specific feedback literacies: A framework for curriculum design // Higher Education. 2020. № 83. P. 57–77. DOI: 10.1007/s10734-020-00632-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Winstone N. E., Balloo K., Carless D. Discipline-specific feedback literacies: A framework for curriculum design. 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