<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">edscience</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Образование и наука</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The Education and science journal</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1994-5639</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2310-5828</issn><publisher><publisher-name>RSVPU</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17853/1994-5639-2023-2-46-67</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">edscience-3037</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>VOCATIONAL EDUCATION</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Неформальное образование: обзор современных исследований</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Non-formal education: The review of current studies</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5829-7570</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кичерова</surname><given-names>М. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kicherova</surname><given-names>M. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кичерова Марина Николаевна – кандидат социологических наук, доцент кафедры общей и экономической социологии</p><p>Тюмень</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Marina N. Kicherova – Cand. Sci. (Sociology), Associate Professor, Department of General and Economic Sociology</p><p>Tyumen</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">m.n.kicherova@utmn.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3938-7500</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Трифонова</surname><given-names>И. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Trifonova</surname><given-names>I. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Трифонова Ирина Сергеевна – кандидат филологических наук, доцент Центра иностранных языков и коммуникативных технологий</p><p>Тюмень</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Irina S. Trifonova – Cand. Sci. (Philology), Associate Professor, Centre of Foreign Languages and Communication Technologies</p><p>Tyumen</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">i.s.trifonova@utmn.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Тюменский государственный университет</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>University of Tyumen</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>17</day><month>02</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>46</fpage><lpage>67</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Кичерова М.Н., Трифонова И.С., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кичерова М.Н., Трифонова И.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kicherova M.N., Trifonova I.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.edscience.ru/jour/article/view/3037">https://www.edscience.ru/jour/article/view/3037</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Неформальное образование приобретает новый импульс в контексте построения устойчивого и высокотехнологичного общества. Статья раскрывает актуальные проблемы развития неформального образования как элемента системы lifelong learning и образования взрослых.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Целью настоящей работы является проведение аналитического обзора современных исследований, раскрывающих международный опыт изучения неформального образования, практик его применения в разных странах, а также механизмов признания его результатов.</p></sec><sec><title>Методология и методы</title><p>Методология и методы. Работа базировалась на методологии сопоставительного анализа и качественного контент-анализа международных статистических и аналитических отчетов ЮНЕСКО, CEDEFOP и др., академических и эмпирических исследований. В ходе аналитического обзора были рассмотрены изменения политики в отношении развития неформального образования, международный и имеющийся в отдельных странах опыт его изучения и реализации.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. На основе принципа совмещения масштабов выделены три уровня анализа неформального образования (макроуровень/глобальный, мезоуровень/институциональный, микроуровень/личностный). На каждом из них выявлены и описаны ключевая проблематика и тренды в развитии неформального образования. Проведенное исследование дает основание полагать, что практики неформального образования приобретают институциональные формы. Уровень развития неформального образования в разных странах отличается, однако существуют общие тенденции к решению ряда схожих социальных задач за счет ресурсов неформального образования, таких как синхронизация спроса и предложения на рынке труда, социальная инклюзия разных категорий населения и др.</p><p>Научная новизна и практическая значимость. Научная новизна исследования заключается в том, что аналитический обзор раскрывает ресурсный потенциал неформального образования, возможности его применения для переквалификации разных социально-демографических групп населения, глобальные тренды и перспективы его развития.</p><p>Практическая значимость состоит в том, что показаны механизмы признания результатов неформального образования. Выявленные тренды и лучший международный опыт можно использовать для интеграции формального и неформального образования, создания экспериментальных площадок обучения, акселерации практических мер образовательной политики.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Non-formal education is gaining a new impetus in the establishment of a sustainable knowledge society. The article reveals major concerns of non-formal education as an element of life-long learning and adult education policies as well as its effective implementation into the national educational mainstream.</p></sec><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. The aim of the research is to conduct a detailed overview of various current studies, exemplifying the international experience in non-formal education and the case-studies of its adoption along with the mechanisms for its validation in different countries.</p><p>Methodology and research methods. The work was based on the methodology of comparative analysis and qualitative content analysis of official UNESCO, CEDEFOP, etc. international statistical and analytical reports, academic and empirical studies. An analytical review shows policy changes towards the development of non-formal education as well as an international and available in individual countries experience of its studying and implementation.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Based on the compatibility scopes principle, three levels of analysis of non-formal education (macro-level/global, meso-level/institutional, micro-level/personal) were identified so that the key issues and trends in its development could be pinpointed at every stage. The conducted research leads to the conclusion that non-formal education practices are acquiring institutional forms. The level of non-formal education development in different countries varies. However, there are general trends towards solving a number of similar social problems by means of non-formal education, such as bridging the supply and demand for competencies in the labour market, social inclusion of different segments of the population, and others.</p><p>Scientific novelty and practical significance. The novelty of this study is seen in the resource capacity of non-formal education, the potential of its implementation for the vocational re-skilling, upskilling and further training of various socio-demographic groups, its global development trends and prospects. The practical significance lies in the application of mechanisms for recognising non-formal education outcomes. The highlighted trends and the best international experience can provide non-formal education integration into the educational mainstream, create experimental learning platforms and accelerate practical educational policy measures.</p></sec><sec><title> </title><p> </p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>неформальное образование</kwd><kwd>обучение на протяжении всей жизни</kwd><kwd>образование взрослых</kwd><kwd>образовательная политика</kwd><kwd>навыки и компетенции</kwd><kwd>переквалификация</kwd><kwd>повышение квалификации</kwd><kwd>рынок труда</kwd><kwd>валидация</kwd><kwd>признание</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Non-formal education</kwd><kwd>lifelong learning</kwd><kwd>adult education</kwd><kwd>education policy</kwd><kwd>skills and competencies</kwd><kwd>re-skilling</kwd><kwd>upskilling</kwd><kwd>labour market</kwd><kwd>validation</kwd><kwd>recognition</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Węgrzyn G. Adult education as a factor increasing the innovativeness of European Union countries. Studies of the Industrial Geography Commission of the Polish Geographical Society. 2019; 33 (2): 18–31. DOI: 10.24917/20801653.332.2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Węgrzyn G. Adult education as a factor increasing the innovativeness of European Union countries. Studies of the Industrial Geography Commission of the Polish Geographical Society. 2019; 33 (2): 18–31. DOI: 10.24917/20801653.332.2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Parziale F., Scotti I. Education as a resource of social innovation. SAGE Open. 2016; 6 (3): 1–9. DOI: 10.1177/2158244016662691</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Parziale F., Scotti I. Education as a resource of social innovation. SAGE Open. 2016; 6 (3): 1–9. DOI: 10.1177/2158244016662691</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Valiente O., Capsada-Munsech Q., Otero J. Educationalisation of youth unemployment through lifelong learning policies in Europe. European Educational Research Journal. 2020; 19(6): 1–19. DOI: 10.1177/1474904120908751</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Valiente O., Capsada-Munsech Q., Otero J. Educationalisation of youth unemployment through lifelong learning policies in Europe. European Educational Research Journal. 2020; 19(6): 1–19. DOI: 10.1177/1474904120908751</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Biesta G. What’s the point of lifelong learning if lifelong learning has no point? On the democratic deficit of policies for lifelong learning. European Educational Research Journal. 2006; 5 (3): 169–180. DOI: 10.2304/eerj.2006.5.3.169</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Biesta G. What’s the point of lifelong learning if lifelong learning has no point? On the democratic deficit of policies for lifelong learning. European Educational Research Journal. 2006; 5 (3): 169–180. DOI: 10.2304/eerj.2006.5.3.169</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mikulec B., Skubic Ermenc K. Qualifications frameworks between global and European pressures and local responses. SAGE Open. 2016; 6 (2): 1–10. DOI: 10.1177/2158244016644948</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mikulec B., Skubic Ermenc K. Qualifications frameworks between global and European pressures and local responses. SAGE Open. 2016; 6 (2): 1–10. DOI: 10.1177/2158244016644948</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barabasch A., Bohlinger S., Wolf S. Policy transfer in vocational education and training and adult education. Research in Comparative and International Education. 2021; 16(4): 335–338. DOI: 10.1177/17454999211063250</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barabasch A., Bohlinger S., Wolf S. Policy transfer in vocational education and training and adult education. Research in Comparative and International Education. 2021; 16(4): 335–338. DOI: 10.1177/17454999211063250</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Van Laar E., Deursen A. J. A. M., Van Dijk J. A. G. M., Haan J. The relation between 21st -century skills and digital skills: A systematic literature review. Computers in Human Behavior. 2017; 72: 577–588. DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2017.03.010</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Van Laar E., Deursen A. J. A. M., Van Dijk J. A. G. M., Haan J. The relation between 21st -century skills and digital skills: A systematic literature review. Computers in Human Behavior. 2017; 72: 577–588. DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2017.03.010</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shala A., Grajcevci A. Formal and non-formal education in the new era. Action Researcher in Education [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2022 Mar 17]; 7: 119–130. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328812348_Formal_and_Non-Formal_Education_in_the_New_Era</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shala A., Grajcevci A. Formal and non-formal education in the new era. Action Researcher in Education [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2022 Mar 17]; 7: 119–130. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328812348_Formal_and_Non-Formal_Education_in_the_New_Era</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim D., Lee I. H., Park J. H. Latent class analysis of non-formal learners’ self-directed learning patterns in open educational resource repositories. British Journal of Educational Technology. [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2022 Sep 15]; 50 (6): 3420–3436. DOI: 10.1111/bjet.12746</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim D., Lee I. H., Park J. H. Latent class analysis of non-formal learners’ self-directed learning patterns in open educational resource repositories. British Journal of Educational Technology. [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2022 Sep 15]; 50 (6): 3420–3436. DOI: 10.1111/bjet.12746</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dwirianto S., Pudjihardjo M., Susilo S. Economic empowerment of society through development of non-formal education based on life skill education in Pekanbaru city. IOSR Journal of Business and Management. 2014; 16: 26–34. DOI: 10.9790/487X-16212634</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dwirianto S., Pudjihardjo M., Susilo S. Economic empowerment of society through development of non-formal education based on life skill education in Pekanbaru city. IOSR Journal of Business and Management. 2014; 16: 26–34. DOI: 10.9790/487X-16212634</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Taylor M., Evans K. Formal and informal training for workers with low literacy: Building an international dialogue. Journal of Adult and Continuing Education. 2009; 15 (1): 37–54. DOI: 10.1177/147797140901500105</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Taylor M., Evans K. Formal and informal training for workers with low literacy: Building an international dialogue. Journal of Adult and Continuing Education. 2009; 15 (1): 37–54. DOI: 10.1177/147797140901500105</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Taylor M., Evans K., Pinsent-Johnson C. Work-based learning in Canada and the United Kingdom: A framework for understanding knowledge transfer for workers with low skills and higher skills. Research in Post-Compulsory Education. 2010; 15 (4): 347–361. DOI: 10.1080/13596748.2010.526796</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Taylor M., Evans K., Pinsent-Johnson C. Work-based learning in Canada and the United Kingdom: A framework for understanding knowledge transfer for workers with low skills and higher skills. Research in Post-Compulsory Education. 2010; 15 (4): 347–361. DOI: 10.1080/13596748.2010.526796</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kersh N., Laczik A. Towards understanding of policy transfer and policy learning in adult education in the context of United Kingdom. Research in Comparative and International Education. 2021; 16 (2): 384–404. DOI: 10.1177/17454999211061236</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kersh N., Laczik A. Towards understanding of policy transfer and policy learning in adult education in the context of United Kingdom. Research in Comparative and International Education. 2021; 16 (2): 384–404. DOI: 10.1177/17454999211061236</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Taylor M., Trumpower D., Pavic I. Unravelling the lifelong learning process for Canadian workers and adult learners acquiring higher skills. Journal of Research and Practice for Adult Literacy, Secondary and Basic Education [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2022 Apr 18]; 3: 95–107. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272420353_Unravelling_the_lifelong_learning_process_for_Canadian_workers_and_adult_learners_acquiring_higher_skills</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Taylor M., Trumpower D., Pavic I. Unravelling the lifelong learning process for Canadian workers and adult learners acquiring higher skills. Journal of Research and Practice for Adult Literacy, Secondary and Basic Education [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2022 Apr 18]; 3: 95–107. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272420353_Unravelling_the_lifelong_learning_process_for_Canadian_workers_and_adult_learners_acquiring_higher_skills</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kalenda J., Kočvarová I. Participation in non-formal education in risk society. International Journal of Lifelong Education. 2020; 41 (2): 146–167. DOI: 10.1080/02601370.2020.1808102</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kalenda J., Kočvarová I. Participation in non-formal education in risk society. International Journal of Lifelong Education. 2020; 41 (2): 146–167. DOI: 10.1080/02601370.2020.1808102</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Knowles M. S. Informal adult education: A guide for administrators, leaders, and teachers. New York: Association Press; 1955. 272 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Knowles M. S. Informal adult education: A guide for administrators, leaders, and teachers. New York: Association Press; 1955. 272 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Knowles M. S., Holton III E. F., Swanson R. A., Robinson P. The adult learner: The definitive classic in adult education and human resource development. London: Routledge; 2020. 406 p. DOI: 10.4324/9780429299612</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Knowles M. S., Holton III E. F., Swanson R. A., Robinson P. The adult learner: The definitive classic in adult education and human resource development. London: Routledge; 2020. 406 p. DOI: 10.4324/9780429299612</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fobel L., Kolleck N. Regional patterns of access and participation in non-formal cultural education in Germany. Education Sciences. 2022; 12 (1), 13: 1–14. DOI: 10.3390/educsci12010013</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fobel L., Kolleck N. Regional patterns of access and participation in non-formal cultural education in Germany. Education Sciences. 2022; 12 (1), 13: 1–14. DOI: 10.3390/educsci12010013</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schweitzer F. Researching non-formal religious education: The example of the European study on confirmation work. HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies. 2017; 73(4): 1–8. DOI: 10.4102/hts.v73i4.4613</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schweitzer F. Researching non-formal religious education: The example of the European study on confirmation work. HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies. 2017; 73(4): 1–8. DOI: 10.4102/hts.v73i4.4613</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Garner N., Hayes S., Eilks I. Linking formal and non-formal science education – A reflection from two cases in Ireland and Germany. Sisyphos Journal of Education. 2014; 2: 10–31. DOI: 10.25749/sis.4064</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Garner N., Hayes S., Eilks I. Linking formal and non-formal science education – A reflection from two cases in Ireland and Germany. Sisyphos Journal of Education. 2014; 2: 10–31. DOI: 10.25749/sis.4064</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Terrazas R. Developing non-formal education competences as a complement of formal education for STEM lecturers. Journal of Education for Teaching. 2018; 44: 1–6. DOI:10.1080/02607476.2018.1422613</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Terrazas R. Developing non-formal education competences as a complement of formal education for STEM lecturers. Journal of Education for Teaching. 2018; 44: 1–6. DOI:10.1080/02607476.2018.1422613</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Soyyılmaz D., Griffin L. M., Martín M. H., Kucharský Š., Peycheva E. D., Vaupotič N., Edelsbrunner P. A. Formal and informal learning and first-year psychology students’ development of scientific thinking: A two-wave panel study. Frontiers in Psychology. 2017; 8:133. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00133</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Soyyılmaz D., Griffin L. M., Martín M. H., Kucharský Š., Peycheva E. D., Vaupotič N., Edelsbrunner P. A. Formal and informal learning and first-year psychology students’ development of scientific thinking: A two-wave panel study. Frontiers in Psychology. 2017; 8:133. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00133</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Denkowska S., Fijorek K., Węgrzyn G. Formal and non-formal education and training as an instrument fostering innovation and competitiveness in EU member countries. Journal of Competitiveness. 2020; 12 (3): 82–98. DOI: 10.7441/joc.2020.03.05</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Denkowska S., Fijorek K., Węgrzyn G. Formal and non-formal education and training as an instrument fostering innovation and competitiveness in EU member countries. Journal of Competitiveness. 2020; 12 (3): 82–98. DOI: 10.7441/joc.2020.03.05</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ferreira M., de Grip A., Velden R. V. Does informal learning at work differ between temporary and permanent workers? Evidence from 20 OECD countries. Labor: Human Capital eJournal. 2018; 55: 18–40. DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2018.08.009</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ferreira M., de Grip A., Velden R. V. Does informal learning at work differ between temporary and permanent workers? Evidence from 20 OECD countries. Labor: Human Capital eJournal. 2018; 55: 18–40. DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2018.08.009</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kedrayate A. Non-formal education: Is it relevant or obsolete? International Journal of Business, Humanities and Technology [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2022 May 10]; 2 (4): 11–15. Available from: https://ijbhtnet.com/journals/Vol_2_No_4_June_2012/2.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kedrayate A. Non-formal education: Is it relevant or obsolete? International Journal of Business, Humanities and Technology [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2022 May 10]; 2 (4): 11–15. Available from: https://ijbhtnet.com/journals/Vol_2_No_4_June_2012/2.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ololube N. P., Egbezor. A critical assessment of the role/importance of non-formal education to human and national development in Nigeria: Future trends. International Journal of Scientific Research in Education [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2022 Mar 17]; 5: 71–93. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229820660_A_critical_assessment_of_the_roleimportance_of_non-formal_education_to_human_and_national_development_in_Nigeria_future_trends</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ololube N. P., Egbezor. A critical assessment of the role/importance of non-formal education to human and national development in Nigeria: Future trends. International Journal of Scientific Research in Education [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2022 Mar 17]; 5: 71–93. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229820660_A_critical_assessment_of_the_roleimportance_of_non-formal_education_to_human_and_national_development_in_Nigeria_future_trends</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fakhruddin, Shofwan I. The impact of non-formal education in community development: A case study in Pati, Indonesia. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2022 Feb 15]; 5 (5): 339–352. Available from: https://www.ijicc.net/images/vol5iss5/5525_Fakhruddin_2019_E_R.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fakhruddin, Shofwan I. The impact of non-formal education in community development: A case study in Pati, Indonesia. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2022 Feb 15]; 5 (5): 339–352. Available from: https://www.ijicc.net/images/vol5iss5/5525_Fakhruddin_2019_E_R.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bjornavald J. Making learning visible: Identification, assessment and recognition of nonformal learning. Vocational Training: European Journal [Internet]. 2001 [cited 2022 Jun 5]; 22: 24–32. Available from: https://www.cedefop.europa.eu/files/etv/Upload/Information_resources/Bookshop/117/22_en_bjornavold.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bjornavald J. Making learning visible: Identification, assessment and recognition of nonformal learning. Vocational Training: European Journal [Internet]. 2001 [cited 2022 Jun 5]; 22: 24–32. Available from: https://www.cedefop.europa.eu/files/etv/Upload/Information_resources/Bookshop/117/22_en_bjornavold.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Souto-Otero M. Validation of non-formal and informal learning in formal education: Covert and overt. European Journal of Education. [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2022 Oct 1]; 56 (1): 1–15. DOI: 10.1111/ejed.12464</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Souto-Otero M. Validation of non-formal and informal learning in formal education: Covert and overt. European Journal of Education. [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2022 Oct 1]; 56 (1): 1–15. DOI: 10.1111/ejed.12464</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
