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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">edscience</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Образование и наука</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The Education and science journal</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1994-5639</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2310-5828</issn><publisher><publisher-name>RSVPU</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17853/1994-5639-2026-6-79-100</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">edscience-5165</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ В ОБРАЗОВАНИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN EDUCATION</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Мыслительные операции в старшем дошкольном возрасте: эффекты степени освоения навыка чтения</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Mental operations in older preschool children: the effects of reading skill acquisition levels</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6748-763X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тихомирова</surname><given-names>Т. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tikhomirova</surname><given-names>T. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Тихомирова Татьяна Николаевна – академик РАО, доктор психологических наук, научный руководитель Федерального ресурсного центра психологической службы в системе высшего образования Российской академии образования</p><p>ResearcherID N-3016-2014</p><p>Scopus Author ID 37116054100</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tatiana N. Tikhomirova – Academician of the Russian Academy of Education, Dr. Sci. (Psychology), Scientific Supervisor of the Federal Resource Centre for Psychological Service for the Higher Education, Russian Academy of Education</p><p>ResearcherID N-3016-2014</p><p>Scopus Author ID 37116054100</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tikho@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Российская академия образования</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Russian Academy of Education</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>06</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>28</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>79</fpage><lpage>100</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Тихомирова Т.Н., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Тихомирова Т.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Tikhomirova T.N.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.edscience.ru/jour/article/view/5165">https://www.edscience.ru/jour/article/view/5165</self-uri><abstract><p>Введение. Эффективность решения образовательных задач, которые ставятся перед ребенком уже на дошкольном уровне общего образования, обусловлена уровнем сформированности мыслительных операций – базовых процессов, необходимых для обработки информации, ее логического преобразования и применения. В качестве действенного инструмента становления мыслительных операций традиционно рассматривается умение осознанно читать. Однако за пределами эмпирических исследований остаются межгрупповые различия в старшем дошкольном возрасте, когда дети только начинают осваивать навык чтения. Цель – изучить уровень сформированности мыслительных операций – абстрагирования, классификации, обобщения и аналогии – у детей старшего дошкольного возраста с различной степенью освоения навыка чтения. Методология, методы и методики. В исследовании приняли участие 605 детей (из них 46,7 % мальчиков) старшего дошкольного возраста (M = 6,4; SD = 0,4). Применялись следующие задания: «Абстрагирование» (выделение существенных признаков предметов), «Классификация и обобщение» (распределение предметов по группам в соответствии с заданными критериями и объединение их на основе общих признаков), «Аналогия» (генерация умозаключений по аналогии с предложенными логическими отношениями). Степень освоения навыка чтения определялась на основании способа чтения – читает по буквам, по слогам, по слогам и словам, целыми словами или не умеет читать совсем. Результаты. В старшем дошкольном возрасте от степени освоения навыка чтения зависит уровень сформированности операций абстрагирования, классификации и обобщения, но не аналогии. Выявлена специфика различий между старшими дошкольниками с разной степенью освоения навыка чтения по уровню сформированности мыслительных операций, обусловленная их видом. Научная новизна связана с анализом фундаментальной проблемы с высокой социальной востребованностью – соотношение когнитивного развития и обучения на первом уровне общего образования. Практическая значимость. Полученные данные станут научной основой психолого-педагогического сопровождения детей, испытывающих прежде всего сложности при освоении образовательных программ.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Introduction. The effectiveness of solving educational tasks assigned to children at the preschool level of general education depends on the development of mental operations – fundamental processes essential for processing information, its logical transformation, and application. The ability to read consciously has traditionally been regarded as an effective tool for developing these mental operations. However, intergroup differences among older preschool children, who are just beginning to acquire reading skills, have largely remained unexplored in empirical research. Aim. The present study aims to examine the developmental levels of mental operations – abstraction, classification, generalisation, and analogy – in older preschool children with varying degrees of reading skill acquisition. Methodology and research methods. The study involved 605 children (46.7% boys) of older preschool age (M = 6.4 years; SD = 0.4). The following tasks were administered: “Abstraction” (identification of essential features of objects), “Classification and generalisation” (grouping objects according to specified criteria and combining them based on common features), and “Analogy” (generating inferences by analogy with proposed logical relationships). The degree of reading skill acquisition was determined based on the reading method: reading letter by letter, syllable by syllable, syllable by syllable and word by word, whole words, or inability to read at all. Results. In older preschool children, the development of abstraction, classification, and generalisation skills depends on the level of reading proficiency, but not on analogy. Specific differences in the development of mental operations were identified among older preschoolers with varying degrees of reading skill acquisition, depending on the type of operation. Scientific novelty. The scientific novelty lies in the analysis of a fundamental problem of significant social relevance: the relationship between cognitive development and learning at the primary level of general education. Practical significance. The obtained data will provide a scientific foundation for the psychological and pedagogical support of children who primarily experience difficulties in mastering educational programmes.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>мыслительные операции</kwd><kwd>выделение существенных признаков предметов</kwd><kwd>классификация</kwd><kwd>обобщение</kwd><kwd>умозаключение по аналогии</kwd><kwd>способ чтения</kwd><kwd>старший дошкольный возраст</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>mental operations</kwd><kwd>identification of essential features of objects</kwd><kwd>classification</kwd><kwd>generalisation</kwd><kwd>inference by analogy</kwd><kwd>reading methods</kwd><kwd>older preschool age</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда № 25-18-00888 (https://rscf.ru/project/25-18-00888/). Автор выражает благодарность участникам исследования и их родителям, а также рецензентам журнала «Образование и наука».</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The current research was conducted with financial support from the Russian Science Foundation (RSF) under grant No. 25-18-00888 (https://rscf.ru/en/project/25-18-00888/). The authors would like to thank the reviewers, study participants, and their parents.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chinn C.A., Malhotra B.A. Epis1. Выготский Л.С. Умственное развитие детей в процессе обучения. Москва: Рипол Классик; 2013. 142 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vygotsky L.S. Umstvennoe razvitie detej v processe obucheniya = Mental Development of Children in the Learning Process. Moscow: Publishing House Ripol Classic; 2013. 142 p. 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