<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">edscience</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Образование и наука</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The Education and science journal</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1994-5639</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2310-5828</issn><publisher><publisher-name>RSVPU</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17853/1994-5639-2026-6-163-200</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">edscience-5172</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ В ОБРАЗОВАНИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES IN EDUCATION</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Проектирование ИИ-ассистента для сопровождения самостоятельной работы студентов младших курсов</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Designing an AI assistant to support independent learning in first -and second-year students</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1050-8145</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Захаров</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zakharov</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Захаров Александр Анатольевич – доктор технических наук, профессор, профессор Академического департамента Школы компьютерных наук</p><p>Тюмень</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksandr A. Zakharov – Dr. Sci. (Engineering), Professor, Academic Department, School of Computer Science</p><p>Tyumen</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">a.a.zakharov@utmn.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4211-7675</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Захарова</surname><given-names>И. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zakharova</surname><given-names>I. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Захарова Ирина Гелиевна – доктор педагогических наук, профессор, профессор Академического департамента Школы компьютерных наук</p><p>Тюмень</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Irina G. Zakharova – Dr. Sci. (Education), Professor, Academic Department, School of Computer Science  </p><p>Tyumen</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">i.g.zakharova@utmn.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2404-9864</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шабалин</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shabalin</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шабалин Андрей Михайлович – кандидат педагогических наук, доцент, доцент Академического департамента Школы компьютерных наук</p><p>Тюмень</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Andrey M. Shabalin – Cand. Sci. (Education), Associate Professor, Academic Department, School of Computer Science</p><p>Tyumen</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">a.m.shabalin@utmn.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3500-0644</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нгуен</surname><given-names>К. Х.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nguyen</surname><given-names>Q. H.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Нгуен Куанг Хай – ассистент Академического департамента Школы компьютерных наук</p><p>Тюмень</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Quang H. Nguyen – Assistant, Academic Department, School of Computer Science</p><p>Tyumen</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">k.nguen@utmn.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Тюменский государственный университет</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>University of Tyumen</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>06</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>28</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>163</fpage><lpage>200</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Захаров А.А., Захарова И.Г., Шабалин А.М., Нгуен К.Х., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Захаров А.А., Захарова И.Г., Шабалин А.М., Нгуен К.Х.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zakharov A.A., Zakharova I.G., Shabalin A.M., Nguyen Q.H.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.edscience.ru/jour/article/view/5172">https://www.edscience.ru/jour/article/view/5172</self-uri><abstract><p>Введение. Проблема создания и использования гибких обучающих систем стала особенно актуальной с появлением генеративных нейросетевых моделей, позволяющих не только упростить создание образовательного контента, но и изменить сложившиеся подходы к организации самостоятельной работы обучающихся. В статье исследуется проблема проектирования интеллектуального помощника, ИИ-ассистента, реализованного в форме автоматизированной обучающей системы, возможности которой опираются на использование технологий ИИ. Цель статьи – выявление и изучение особенностей проектирования ИИ-ассистента, интегрирующего экспертные знания педагога с возможностями ИИ на примере поддержки самостоятельной работы по математическим и ИТ-дисциплинам. Методология, методы и методики исследования. В исследовании использованы методы моделирования образовательного процесса для проектирования сценариев и алгоритмов работы ИИ-ассистента. Для практической реализации ИИ-ассистента применены методы проектирования адаптивных обучающих систем, а также методы и технологии искусственного интеллекта. Результаты и научная новизна. Уточнено содержание понятия «ИИ-ассистент» как адаптивной автоматизированной обучающей системы с обратной связью, реализуемой благодаря использованию технологий ИИ. На основе модели управляемой учебной деятельности выделены типовые сценарии взаимодействия обучающихся с ИИ-ассистентом. Создан и апробирован прототип ИИ-ассистента, состоящий из двух компонентов, помощников преподавателя и студента. Основой для ИИ-ассистента стала модель адаптивной обучающей системы, включающая вариативное дидактическое обеспечение, сценарии самостоятельной работы, алгоритмы взаимодействия с обучающимися и педагогами, а также подсистему анализа данных цифрового следа. Практическая значимость. Использование ИИ-ассистента для поддержки самостоятельной работы студентов Школы компьютерных наук Тюменского государственного университета на практике подтвердило необходимость комплексного педагогического моделирования обучающих систем, использующих технологии ИИ, а также важность участия педагогов в качестве ведущих экспертов при их проектировании и тестировании.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Introduction. The challenge of developing and utilising flexible learning systems has become especially pertinent with the advent of generative neural network models, which not only facilitate the creation of educational content but also transform traditional approaches to organising independent student work. This article explores the design of an intelligent assistant – an AI assistant – implemented as an automated learning system, whose functionalities are underpinned by AI technologies. Aim. The present study aims to identify and examine the features involved in designing an AI assistant that integrates a teacher’s expert knowledge with AI capabilities, using the example of supporting independent work in the disciplines of mathematics and information technology. Methodology and research methods. The study employed methods of educational process modelling to design scenarios and algorithms for the operation of the AI assistant. For the practical implementation of the AI assistant, methods for designing adaptive learning systems were utilised, alongside AI methods and technologies. Results and scientific novelty. The concept of an “AI assistant” is defined as an adaptive, automated learning system with feedback, realised through the application of AI technologies. Based on a model of guided learning activity, typical scenarios for student interaction with the AI assistant have been identified. A prototype of the AI assistant, comprising two components (teacher assistant and student assistant), was developed and tested. The AI assistant is founded on an adaptive learning system model that incorporates variable didactic resources, independent work scenarios, interaction algorithms for both students and teachers, and a digital footprint data analysis subsystem. Practical significance. The use of an AI assistant to support independent work among students at the School of Computer Science, University of Tyumen, has confirmed the need for comprehensive pedagogical modelling of learning systems that incorporate AI technologies, as well as the importance of involving teachers as leading experts in their design and evaluation.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>искусственный интеллект</kwd><kwd>ИИ</kwd><kwd>адаптивная обучающая система</kwd><kwd>ИИ-ассистент</kwd><kwd>моделирование</kwd><kwd>генеративная нейросетевая модель</kwd><kwd>генеративный ИИ</kwd><kwd>самостоятельная работа студентов</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>artificial intelligence</kwd><kwd>AI</kwd><kwd>adaptive learning system</kwd><kwd>AI assistant</kwd><kwd>modelling</kwd><kwd>generative neural network</kwd><kwd>generative AI</kwd><kwd>student independent learning</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Вавилова Д.Д., Касаткина Е.В., Файзуллин Р.В. Оценка потенциала масштабирования инструментов искусственного интеллекта в высшем образовании: российский и зарубежный опыт. Образование и наука. 2025;27(9):128–157. doi:10.17853/1994-5639-2025-8-128-157</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vavilova D.D., Kasatkina E.V., Faizullin R.V. Assessing the scaling potential of artificial intelligence tools in higher education: Russian and international experiences. Obrazovanie i nauka = The Education and Science Journal. 2025;27(9):128–157. (In Russ.) doi:10.17853/1994-5639-2025-8-128-157</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Константинова Л.В., Ворожихин В.В., Петров А.М., Титова Е.С., Штыхно Д.А. Генеративный искусственный интеллект в образовании: дискуссии и прогнозы. Открытое образование. 2023;27(2):36–48. doi:10.21686/1818-4243-2023-2-36-48</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Konstantinova L.V., Vorozhikhin V.V., Petrov A.M., Titova E.S., Shtykhno D.A. Generative artificial intelligence in education: discussions and forecasts. Otkrytoe obrazovanie = Open Education. 2023;27(2):36–48. (In Russ.) doi:10.21686/1818-4243-2023-2-36-48</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Поспелова Е.А., Отоцкий П.Л., Горлачева Е.Н., Файзуллин Р.В. Генеративный искусственный интеллект в образовании: анализ тенденций и перспектив. Профессиональное образование и рынок труда. 2024;12(3):6–21. doi:10.52944/PORT.2024.58.3.001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pospelova E.A., Ototsky P.L., Gorlacheva E.N., Faizullin R.V. Generative artificial intelligence in education: current trends and prospects. Professional’noe obrazovanie i rynok truda = Vocational Education and Labour Market. 2024;12(3):6–21. (In Russ.) doi:10.52944/PORT.2024.58.3.001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Осипова Л.Б. Искусственный интеллект в образовании: реальные возможности и перспективы. Вестник Пермского национального исследовательского политехнического университета. Социально-экономические науки. 2024:60–73. doi:10.15593/2224-9354/2024.1.5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Osipova L.B. Artificial intelligence in education: real opportunities and prospects. Vestnik Permskogo nacional’nogo issledovatel’skogo politekhnicheskogo universiteta. Social’no-ekonomicheskie nauki = PNRPU Sociology and Economics Bulletin. 2024;1:60–73. (In Russ.) doi:10.15593/2224-9354/2024.1.5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gökçearslan S., Tosun C., Erdemir Z.G. Benefits, challenges, and methods of artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots in education: a systematic literature review. International Journal of Technology in Education. 2024;7(1):19–39. doi:10.46328/ijte.600</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gökçearslan S., Tosun C., Erdemir Z.G. Benefits, challenges, and methods of artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots in education: a systematic literature review. International Journal of Technology in Education. 2024;7(1):19–39. doi:10.46328/ijte.600</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ma W., Ma W., Hu Y., Bi X. The who, why, and how of AI-based chatbots for learning and teaching in higher education: a systematic review. Education and Information Technologies. 2025;30(6):7781– 7805. doi:10.1007/s10639-024-13128-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ma W., Ma W., Hu Y., Bi X. The who, why, and how of AI-based chatbots for learning and teaching in higher education: a systematic review. Education and Information Technologies. 2025;30(6):7781– 7805. doi:10.1007/s10639-024-13128-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Davar N.F., Dewan M.A.A., Zhang X. AI chatbots in education: challenges and opportunities. Information. 2025;16(3):235. doi:10.3390/info16030235</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Davar N.F., Dewan M.A.A., Zhang X. AI chatbots in education: challenges and opportunities. Information. 2025;16(3):235. doi:10.3390/info16030235</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мельников А.В., Николаев И.Е., Русанов М.А., Аббазов В.Р. Сравнительный анализ методов RAG для построения русскоязычных интеллектуальных сервисов. Вестник Южно-Уральского государственного университета. Серия: Компьютерные технологии, управление, радиоэлектроника. 2025;25(2):5–18. doi:10.14529.ctcr250201</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Melnikov A.V., Nikolaev I.E., Rusanov M.A., Abbazov V.R. Comparative analysis of RAG methods for building Russian-speaking intelligent services. Vestnik Yuzhno-Ural’skogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya: Komp’yuternye tekhnologii, upravlenie, radioelektronika = Bulletin of the South Ural State University. Series: Computer Technologies, Automatic Control, Radio Electronics. 2025;25(2):5–18. (In Russ.) doi:10.14529/ctcr250201</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Swacha J., Gracel M. Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) chatbots for education: a survey of applications. Applied Sciences. 2025;15(8):4234. doi:10.3390/app15084234</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Swacha J., Gracel M. Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) chatbots for education: a survey of applications. Applied Sciences. 2025;15(8):4234. doi:10.3390/app15084234</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li Z., Wang Z., Wang W., Hung K., Xie H., Wang F.L. Retrieval-augmented generation for educational application: a systematic survey. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence. 2025;8:100417. doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2025.100417</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li Z., Wang Z., Wang W., Hung K., Xie H., Wang F.L. Retrieval-augmented generation for educational application: a systematic survey. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence. 2025;8:100417. doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2025.100417</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lee D., Palmer E. Prompt engineering in higher education: a systematic review to help inform curricula. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education. 2025;22(1):7. doi:10.1186/s41239-025-00503-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lee D., Palmer E. Prompt engineering in higher education: a systematic review to help inform curricula. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education. 2025;22(1):7. doi:10.1186/s41239-025-00503-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сысоев П.В. Компетенция современного педагога в области искусственного интеллекта: структура и содержание. Высшее образование в России. 2025;34(6):58–79. doi:10.31992/08693617-2025-34-6-58-79</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sysoyev P.V. A modern teacher’s competence in the field of artificial intelligence: structure and content. Vysshee obrazovanie v Rossii = Higher Education in Russia. 2025;34(6):58–79. (In Russ.) doi:10.31992/0869-3617-2025-34-6-58-79</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zawacki-Richter O., Marín V.I., Bond M., Gouverneur F. Systematic review of research on artificial intelligence applications in higher education – where are the educators? International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education. 2019;16(1):1–27. doi:10.1186/s41239-019-0171-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zawacki-Richter O., Marín V.I., Bond M., Gouverneur F. Systematic review of research on artificial intelligence applications in higher education – where are the educators? International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education. 2019;16(1):1–27. doi:10.1186/s41239-019-0171-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Crompton H., Burke D. Artificial intelligence in higher education: the state of the field. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education. 2023;20(1):22. doi:10.1186/s41239-02300392-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Crompton H., Burke D. Artificial intelligence in higher education: the state of the field. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education. 2023;20(1):22. doi:10.1186/s41239-02300392-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bearman M., Ryan J., Ajjawi R. Discourses of artificial intelligence in higher education: a critical literature review. Higher Education. 2023;86(2):369–385. doi:10.1007/s10734-022-00937-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bearman M., Ryan J., Ajjawi R. Discourses of artificial intelligence in higher education: a critical literature review. Higher Education. 2023;86(2):369–385. doi:10.1007/s10734-022-00937-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mah D.K., Groß N. Artificial intelligence in higher education: exploring faculty use, self-efficacy, distinct profiles, and professional development needs. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education. 2024;21(1):58. doi:10.1186/s41239-024-00490-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mah D.K., Groß N. Artificial intelligence in higher education: exploring faculty use, self-efficacy, distinct profiles, and professional development needs. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education. 2024;21(1):58. doi:10.1186/s41239-024-00490-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ren X., Wu M.L. Examining teaching competencies and challenges while integrating artificial intelligence in higher education. TechTrends. 2025;69:519–538. doi:10.1007/s11528-025-01055-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ren X., Wu M.L. Examining teaching competencies and challenges while integrating artificial intelligence in higher education. TechTrends. 2025;69:519–538. doi:10.1007/s11528-025-01055-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chiu T.K., Ahmad Z., Çoban M. Development and validation of teacher artificial intelligence (AI) competence self-efficacy (TAICS) scale. Education and Information Technologies. 2025;30(5):6667– 6685. doi:10.1007/s10639-024-13094-z</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chiu T.K., Ahmad Z., Çoban M. Development and validation of teacher artificial intelligence (AI) competence self-efficacy (TAICS) scale. Education and Information Technologies. 2025;30(5):6667– 6685. doi:10.1007/s10639-024-13094-z</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schmidt D.A., Alboloushi B., Thomas A., Magalhaes R. Integrating artificial intelligence in higher education: perceptions, challenges, and strategies for academic innovation. Computers and Education Open. 2025;9:100274. doi:10.1016/j.caeo.2025.100274</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schmidt D.A., Alboloushi B., Thomas A., Magalhaes R. Integrating artificial intelligence in higher education: perceptions, challenges, and strategies for academic innovation. Computers and Education Open. 2025;9:100274. doi:10.1016/j.caeo.2025.100274</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Verboom A.D.P.R., Pais L., Zijlstra F.R., Oswald F.L., Santos N.R.D. Perceptions of artificial intelligence in academic teaching and research: a qualitative study from AI experts and professors’ perspectives. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education. 2025;22(1):46. doi:10.1186/s41239-025-00546-w</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Verboom A.D.P.R., Pais L., Zijlstra F.R., Oswald F.L., Santos N.R.D. Perceptions of artificial intelligence in academic teaching and research: a qualitative study from AI experts and professors’ perspectives. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education. 2025;22(1):46. doi:10.1186/s41239-025-00546-w</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang X., Zhang X., Liu H. Reflections on enhancing higher education classroom effectiveness through the introduction of large language models. Journal of Modern Educational Research. 2024;3:19. doi:10.53964/jmer.2024019</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang X., Zhang X., Liu H. Reflections on enhancing higher education classroom effectiveness through the introduction of large language models. Journal of Modern Educational Research. 2024;3:19. doi:10.53964/jmer.2024019</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Qian Y. Prompt engineering in education: a systematic review of approaches and educational applications. Journal of Educational Computing Research. 2025;63(7-8):1782–1818. doi:10.1177/07356331251365189</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Qian Y. Prompt engineering in education: a systematic review of approaches and educational applications. Journal of Educational Computing Research. 2025;63(7-8):1782–1818. doi:10.1177/07356331251365189</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Melisa R., Ashadi A., Triastuti A., Hidayati S., Salido A., Ero P.E.L., et al. Critical thinking in the age of AI: a systematic review of AI’s effects on higher education. Educational Process: International Journal. 2025;14:e2025031. doi:10.22521/edupij.2025.14.31</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Melisa R., Ashadi A., Triastuti A., Hidayati S., Salido A., Ero P.E.L., et al. Critical thinking in the age of AI: a systematic review of AI’s effects on higher education. Educational Process: International Journal. 2025;14:e2025031. doi:10.22521/edupij.2025.14.31</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hikmawati A., Mohammad N.K. Enhancing critical thinking with Gen AI: a literature review. Buletin Edukasi Indonesia. 2025;4(01):40–46. doi:10.56741/bei.v4i01.764</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hikmawati A., Mohammad N.K. Enhancing critical thinking with Gen AI: a literature review. Buletin Edukasi Indonesia. 2025;4(01):40–46. doi:10.56741/bei.v4i01.764</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Salido A., Syarif I., Sitepu M.S., Wana P.R., Taufika R., Melisa R. Integrating critical thinking and artificial intelligence in higher education: a bibliometric and systematic review of skills and strategies. Social Sciences &amp; Humanities Open. 2025;12:101924. doi:10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101924</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Salido A., Syarif I., Sitepu M.S., Wana P.R., Taufika R., Melisa R. Integrating critical thinking and artificial intelligence in higher education: a bibliometric and systematic review of skills and strategies. Social Sciences &amp; Humanities Open. 2025;12:101924. doi:10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101924</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Morales-Chan M., Amado-Salvatierra H.R., Hernandez-Rizzardini R. AI-driven content creation: revolutionizing educational materials. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale; 2024; New York, USA. New York, USA: Association for Computing Machinery; 2024:556–558. doi:10.1145/3657604.3664640</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Morales-Chan M., Amado-Salvatierra H.R., Hernandez-Rizzardini R. AI-driven content creation: revolutionizing educational materials. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale; 2024; New York, USA. New York, USA: Association for Computing Machinery; 2024:556–558. doi:10.1145/3657604.3664640</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khalil M., Liu Q., Jovanovic J. AI for data generation in education: towards learning and teaching support at scale. British Journal of Educational Technology. 2025;56(3):993–998. doi:10.1111/bjet.13580</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khalil M., Liu Q., Jovanovic J. AI for data generation in education: towards learning and teaching support at scale. British Journal of Educational Technology. 2025;56(3):993–998. doi:10.1111/bjet.13580</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lee S., Song K. Teachers’ and students’ perceptions of AI-generated concept explanations: implications for integrating generative AI in computer science education. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence. 2024;7:100283. doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2024.100283</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lee S., Song K. Teachers’ and students’ perceptions of AI-generated concept explanations: implications for integrating generative AI in computer science education. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence. 2024;7:100283. doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2024.100283</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Song T., Zhang H., Xiao Y. A high-quality generation approach for educational programming projects using LLM. IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies. 2024;17:2296–2309. doi:10.1109/tlt.2024.3499751</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Song T., Zhang H., Xiao Y. A high-quality generation approach for educational programming projects using LLM. IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies. 2024;17:2296–2309. doi:10.1109/tlt.2024.3499751</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Данилов А.В., Зарипова Р.Р., Лукоянова М.А., Батрова Н. И., Салехова Л.Л. Эффективность стратегий промпт-инжиниринга в генерации математического образовательного контента: экспериментальное исследование. Science for Education Today. 2025;4:113–135. doi:10.15293/2658-6762.2504.05</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Danilov A.V., Zaripova R.R., Lukoyanova M.A., Batrova N.I., Salekhova L.L. Effectiveness of prompt engineering strategies in generating mathematics educational content: an experimental study. Science for Education Today. 2025;4:113–135. (In Russ.) doi:10.15293/2658-6762.2504.05</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schorcht S., Buchholtz N., Baumanns L. Prompt the problem – investigating the mathematics educational quality of AI-supported problem solving by comparing prompt techniques. Frontiers in Education. 2024;9:1386075. doi:10.3389/feduc.2024.1386075</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schorcht S., Buchholtz N., Baumanns L. Prompt the problem – investigating the mathematics educational quality of AI-supported problem solving by comparing prompt techniques. Frontiers in Education. 2024;9:1386075. doi:10.3389/feduc.2024.1386075</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Meissner R., Pögelt A., Ihsberner K., Grüttmüller M., Tornack S., Thor A., et al. LLM-generated competence-based e-assessment items for higher education mathematics: methodology and evaluation. Frontiers in Education. 2024;9:1427502. doi:10.3389/feduc.2024.1427502</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Meissner R., Pögelt A., Ihsberner K., Grüttmüller M., Tornack S., Thor A., et al. LLM-generated competence-based e-assessment items for higher education mathematics: methodology and evaluation. Frontiers in Education. 2024;9:1427502. doi:10.3389/feduc.2024.1427502</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huang Q., Lv C., Lu L., Tu S. Evaluating the quality of AI-generated digital educational resources for university teaching and learning. Systems. 2025;13(3):174. doi:10.3390/systems13030174</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huang Q., Lv C., Lu L., Tu S. Evaluating the quality of AI-generated digital educational resources for university teaching and learning. Systems. 2025;13(3):174. doi:10.3390/systems13030174</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dickey E., Bejarano A. GAIDE: a framework for using generative AI to assist in course content development. In: Proceedings of the 2024 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE); 2024; Washington, USA. New York, USA: IEEE; 2024:10893132. doi:10.1109/FIE61694.2024.10893132</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dickey E., Bejarano A. GAIDE: a framework for using generative AI to assist in course content development. In: Proceedings of the 2024 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE); 2024; Washington, USA. New York, USA: IEEE; 2024:10893132. doi:10.1109/FIE61694.2024.10893132</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sinha A., Goyal S., Sy Z., Kuperus R., Dickey E., Bejarano A. BoilerTAI: a platform for enhancing instruction using generative AI in educational forums. In: Proceedings of the 2024 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE); 2024; Washington, USA. New York, USA: IEEE; 2024:10893137. doi:10.1109/FIE61694.2024.10893137</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sinha A., Goyal S., Sy Z., Kuperus R., Dickey E., Bejarano A. BoilerTAI: a platform for enhancing instruction using generative AI in educational forums. In: Proceedings of the 2024 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE); 2024; Washington, USA. New York, USA: IEEE; 2024:10893137. doi:10.1109/FIE61694.2024.10893137</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aperstein Y., Cohen Y., Apartsin A. Generative AI-based platform for deliberate teaching practice: a review and a suggested framework. Education Sciences. 2025;15(4):405. doi:10.3390/educsci15040405</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aperstein Y., Cohen Y., Apartsin A. Generative AI-based platform for deliberate teaching practice: a review and a suggested framework. Education Sciences. 2025;15(4):405. doi:10.3390/educsci15040405</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wessel M., Adam M., Benlian A., Majchrzak A., Thies F. Generative AI and its transformative value for digital platforms. Journal of Management Information Systems. 2025;42(2):346–369. doi:10.1080/07421222.2025.2487315</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wessel M., Adam M., Benlian A., Majchrzak A., Thies F. Generative AI and its transformative value for digital platforms. Journal of Management Information Systems. 2025;42(2):346–369. doi:10.1080/07421222.2025.2487315</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Захаров А.А., Захарова И.Г., Шабалин А.М., Ханбеков Ш.И., Джалилзода Д.Б. Интеллектуальный голосовой помощник как пример реализации методологии инклюзивного дизайна. Образование и наука. 2024;26(3):149–175. doi:10.17853/1994-5639-2024-3-149-175</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zakharov A.A., Zakharova I.G., Shabalin A.M., Khanbekov Sh.I., Dzhalilzoda D.B. Intelligent voice assistant as an example of inclusive design methodology implementation. Obrazovanie i nauka = The Education and Science Journal. 2024;26(3):149–175. (In Russ.) doi:10.17853/1994-5639-20243-149-175</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jasti S.D., Pavani A. Employing problem based learning system in advancing communication skills proficiency in professional communication for engineering undergraduates. Journal of Engineering Education Transformations. 2021;34:128–134. doi:10.16920/jeet/2021/v34i0/157119</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jasti S.D., Pavani A. Employing problem based learning system in advancing communication skills proficiency in professional communication for engineering undergraduates. Journal of Engineering Education Transformations. 2021;34:128–134. doi:10.16920/jeet/2021/v34i0/157119</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ouariach S., Ouariach F.Z., Khaldi M. A software engineering approach for conceptualising an online learning scenario for a deductive approach. International Journal of Intelligent Engineering Informatics. 2025;13(1):1–25. doi:10.1504/IJIEI.2025.144277</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ouariach S., Ouariach F.Z., Khaldi M. A software engineering approach for conceptualising an online learning scenario for a deductive approach. International Journal of Intelligent Engineering Informatics. 2025;13(1):1–25. doi:10.1504/IJIEI.2025.144277</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Inayat U., Zia M.F., Mahmood S., Khalid H.M., Benbouzid M. Learning-based methods for cyber attacks detection in IoT systems: a survey on methods, analysis, and future prospects. Electronics. 2022;11(9):1502. doi:10.3390/electronics11091502</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Inayat U., Zia M.F., Mahmood S., Khalid H.M., Benbouzid M. Learning-based methods for cyber attacks detection in IoT systems: a survey on methods, analysis, and future prospects. Electronics. 2022;11(9):1502. doi:10.3390/electronics11091502</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sujatha S., Vinayakan K. Integrating math and real-world applications: a review of practical approaches to teaching. International Journal of Computational Research and Development. 2023;8(2):55–60. doi:10.5281/zenodo.16150481</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sujatha S., Vinayakan K. Integrating math and real-world applications: a review of practical approaches to teaching. International Journal of Computational Research and Development. 2023;8(2):55–60. doi:10.5281/zenodo.16150481</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рахимов А.А. Использование информационных технологий и интерактивных методов обучения на занятиях по математике при цикловом обучении в техническом вузе. Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Информатизация образования, 2024;21(1):35–43. doi:10.22363/2312-8631-2024-21-1-35-43</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rakhimov A.A. The use of information technologies and interactive teaching methods in mathematics classes during cycle training at a technical university. Vestnik Rossijskogo universiteta druzhby narodov. Seriya: Informatizaciya obrazovaniya = RUDN Journal of Informatization in Education. 2024;21(1):35–43. (In Russ.) doi:10.22363/2312-8631-2024-21-1-35-43</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Очков В.Ф., Тихонов А.И., Шацких Ю.В. Новый подход к преподаванию математики в вузах. Открытое образование. 2025;29(5):55-64. doi:10.21686/1818-4243-2025-5-55-64</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ochkov V.F., Shatskikh Yu.V., Tikhonov A.I. A new approach to teaching mathematics in universities. Otkrytoe obrazovanie = Open Education. 2025;29(5):55–64. (In Russ.) doi:10.21686/1818-42432025-5-55-64</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ramos B., Condotta R. Enhancing learning and collaboration in a unit operations course: using AI as a catalyst to create engaging problem-based learning scenarios. Journal of Chemical Education. 2024;101(8):3246–3254. doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.4c00244</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ramos B., Condotta R. Enhancing learning and collaboration in a unit operations course: using AI as a catalyst to create engaging problem-based learning scenarios. Journal of Chemical Education. 2024;101(8):3246–3254. doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.4c00244</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hwang K., Challagundla S., Alomair M., Chen L.K., Choa F.S. Towards AI-assisted multiple choice question generation and quality evaluation at scale: aligning with Bloom’s taxonomy. In: Proceedings of the Workshop on Generative AI for Education; 2023; New Orleans, USA. Accessed December 25, 2025. https://gaied.org/neurips2023/files/17/17_paper.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hwang K., Challagundla S., Alomair M., Chen L.K., Choa F.S. Towards AI-assisted multiple choice question generation and quality evaluation at scale: aligning with Bloom’s taxonomy. In: Proceedings of the Workshop on Generative AI for Education; 2023; New Orleans, USA. Accessed December 25, 2025. https://gaied.org/neurips2023/files/17/17_paper.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kunuku M.T., Dehbozorgi N. Exploring multimodal quiz generation and evaluation aligned with higher-order learning objectives in Bloom’s taxonomy In: Cristea A.I., Walker E., Lu Y., Santos O.C., Isotani, S., eds. Artificial Intelligence in Education. Cham: Springer; 2025:433–438. doi:10.1007/9783-031-99261-2_49</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kunuku M.T., Dehbozorgi N. Exploring multimodal quiz generation and evaluation aligned with higher-order learning objectives in Bloom’s taxonomy In: Cristea A.I., Walker E., Lu Y., Santos O.C., Isotani, S., eds. Artificial Intelligence in Education. Cham: Springer; 2025:433–438. doi:10.1007/9783-031-99261-2_49</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
