Institutional conditions of internationalisation of higher education: Mass higher school

Introduction. Currently, internationalisation is a priority for the development of higher education, as an institutional component of its academic functioning, both in terms of ensuring the quality of education, and in connection with the implementation of a multi-level integration agenda, in which a modern university is involved. In order to increase the effectiveness of the international dimension of higher education, it remains necessary to clarify a number of theoretical and fundamental questions, among them one of the most important is the problem of the institutional conditions of the academic environment that contribute to the emergence of internationalisation. Mass higher education can be found as fundamental condition and in that relation the clarification of the interrelations between massification and internationalisation of higher education can expand the theoretical understanding of current processes in higher education, providing the necessary theoretical framework for further applied research.

The aim of the present article is to investigate the interrelations between the massification and internationalisation of higher education in order to clarify the institutional conditions that contribute to the development of the international dimension of the modern university.

Methodology and research methods. The methodological framework of this research involves socio-philosophical tools. In particular, the research is based on a retrospective analysis and philosophical deconstruction of the socio-historical transition of higher education from elite to mass model. Both statistical data and analytical materials on the national conditions of transition to mass higher education are used to investigate the issue.

Results. The massification of the higher school became reality due to the historical development of social systems, representing the further evolution of global higher education. Acting as a source of society's emancipation and democratisation, the massification of higher education ensured the reorientation of universities from upbringing needs (ideology) to professional competence (economics). Meanwhile, mass higher education is considered to be the reason of destruction of the imperialist agenda, including the problem of alienated labour. Institutionally, the massification of higher education has become possible due the state-private cooperation. The implementation of this cooperation requires two options: 1) via government subsidies to private higher education, 2) via private investments into public higher education. Mass higher education is an institutional factor of internationalisation development: 1) it creates a need to improve the quality of education; 2) it acts as an instrument of the international integration.

Scientific novelty. The connection between mass education and internationalisation of higher education has been found. Mass higher education acts as an institutional factor in the formation of academic demand for the development of internationalisation processes: 1) forming the need to improve the quality of education; 2) acting as one of the tools for implementing the integration agenda. The absence of processes of massification and internationalisation in the modern system of higher education may indicate on fundamental barriers in the national development of a particular state.

Practical significance. The results obtained will contribute to further fundamental research in the fields of philosophy and sociology of education. Moreover, the present findings could be applied as a theoretical basis for further practical research on modern processes of higher education development.

1. De Wit H. Globalisation and internationalisation of higher education. Revista de Universidad y Sociedad del Conocimiento. 2011; 2 (8): 241-248. DOI: 10.7238/rusc.v8i2.1247

2. Smaliakou D. A. Internationalization of higher education: Socio-philosophical aspect. Doklady Natsional'noi akademii nauk Belarusi = Doklady of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. 2020; 3 (64): 371-378. DOI: 10.29235/1561-8323-2020-64-3-371-378 (In Russ.)

3. De Wit H. The history of internationalization of higher education. In: D. Deardorff, et al. (eds.). The SAGE handbook of international higher education. California; 2012. p. 43-60. DOI: 10.4135/9781452218397.n3

4. Knight J. Internationalization remodeled: Definition, approaches, and rationales. Journal of Studies in International Education. 1997; 1 (8): 5-31. DOI: 10.1177/1028315303260832

5. Dubovicka L., Schwarczova H., Varcholova T. Internationalization of higher education as part of Bologna process. Nauchnyj dialog = Scientific Dialogue [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2020 Nov 10]; 2 (14): 8-21. Available from: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/internatsionalizatsiya-vysshego-obrazovaniya-kak-chast-bolonskogo-protsessa (In Russ.)

6. Zha Q. Internationalization of higher education: Towards a conceptual framework. Policy Futures in Education. 2003; 1: 248-270. DOI: 10.2304/pfie.2003.1.2.5

7. Kopylov A. V., Sergeev A. M., Ryzhkova I. V. Some hermeneutic aspects of the internationalization of higher education. Pedagogika = Pedagogy [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Nov 10]; 5 (84): 16-23. Available from: https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=43036959 (In Russ.)

8. Chmykhalo A. Yu., Ardashkin I. B., Makienko M. A. Internationalization of higher education as a reflection of the value postmodern culture: Russian specificity. Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Kul'turologiya i iskusstvovedenie = Tomsk State University Journal of Cultural Studies and Art History. 2016; 4 (24): 85-99. DOI: 10.17223/22220836/24/9 (In Russ.)

9. Altbach P. Globalization and the university: Realities in an unequal world. Tertiary Education and Management. 2004; 10: 3-25. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-4012-2_8

10. Smaliakou D. А. The genesis of higher education internationalisation. Obrazovanie i nauka = The Education and Science Journal. 2019; 8 (20): 9-28. DOI: 10.17853/1994-56392019-8-9-28 (In Russ.)

11. Tight M. Mass higher education and massification. High Education Policy. 2019; 32: 93-108. DOI: 10.1057/s41307-017-0075-3

12. Giannakis M., Bullivant N. The massification of higher education in the UK: Aspects of service quality. Journal of Further and Higher Education. 2016; 40 (5): 630-648. DOI: 10.1080/0309877X.2014.1000280

13. Yang Y. Higher education in China: Massification, accessibility, and quality issues. In: Collins C., Lee M., Hawkins J., Neubauer D. (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Asia Pacific Higher Education. New York: Palgrave Macmillan; 2016. p. 315-330. DOI: 10.1057/978-1-137-48739-1_21

14. Hornsby D. J., Osman R. Massification in higher education: Large classes and student learning. High Education. 2014; 67: 711-719. DOI: 10.1007/s10734-014-9733-1

15. Dias D. Has massification of higher education led to more equity? Clues to a reflection on Portuguese education arena. International Journal of Inclusive Education. 2015; 19 (2): 103-120. DOI: 10.1080/13603116.2013.788221

16. Mok K. H., Wu A. Higher education, changing labour market and social mobility in the era of massification in China. Journal of Education and Work. 2016; 29 (1): 77-97. DOI: 10.1080/13639080.2015.1049028

17. Abramova M. A., Krasheninnikov V. V. Higher education reform: From quantity to quality. Filosofija obrazovaniya = Philosophy of Education. 2016; 2 (65): 44-52. DOI: 10.15372/PHE20160204 (In Russ.)

18. Pak Yu. N., Koshebayev G. K., Pak D. Yu., The problem of higher education modernization in the context of quality assurance. Alma Mater. 2019; 12: 14-21. DOI: 10.20339/AM.12-19.014 (In Russ.)

19. Mokh Т. Conditionality of mass higher education of the Republic of Belarus: Historical context. Nauchnye trudy Respublikanskogo instituta vysshej shkoly. Istoricheskie i psi-hologo-pedagogicheskie nauki = The Scientific Works of the Republican Institute of Higher School. Historical and Psychological-Educational Sciences [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2020 Nov 10]; 17 (1): 286-293. Available from: https://elib.bsu.by/handle/123456789/184685 (In Russ.)

20. Bessudnov A., Kurakin D., Malik V. The myth about universal higher education: Russia in the international context. Voprosy obrazovaniya = Educational Studies Moscow. 2017; 3: 83-109. DOI: 10.17323/1814-9545-2017-3-83-109 (In Russ.)

21. Pugach V. F. Mass higher education in Russia: Features of dynamics. Vysshee obrazovanie v Rossii = Higher Education in Russia. 2020; 2: 74-82. DOI: 10.31992/0869-36172020-29-2-74-82 (In Russ.)

22. Anikina E. A., Bvankina L. I., Sorokina Y. S. Higher education crisis in Russia: Manifestations, causes and consequences. Sovremennyye problemy nauki i obrazovaniya = Modern Problems of Science and Education [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2020 Nov 10]; 3. Available from: http://science-education.ru/ru/article/view?id=24770 (In Russ.)

23. Baranova I. M., Pugin V. B. Modern problems of the higher school: Massification, heterogeneity and learning disability. Diskussiya = Discussion [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2020 Nov 10]; 10 (84): 74-79. Available from: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sovremennye-problemy-vysshey-shkoly-massovizatsiya-geterogennost-neobuchaemost (In Russ.)

24. Perevozny A. V. Mass higher education: Origination and challenges of organization. Universitetskoe upravlenie: praktika i analiz = University Management: Practice and Analysis [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2020 Nov 10]; 1: 28-33. Available from: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/massovoe-vysshee-obrazovanie-istoki-i-problemy-organizatsii (In Russ.)

25. Arsentjev N. M., Ivleva A. U. Mass Education in Russia: Means and perspectives. Gumanitariy: aktual'nyie problemyi gumanitarnoy nauki i obrazovaniya = Russian Journal of the Humanities [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2020 Nov 10]; 3: 76-82. Available from: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/massovizatsiya-vysshego-obrazovaniya-v-rossii-ugrozy-i-perspektivy (In Russ.)

26. Titarenka L. G. Gender imbalance or growth of gender equality? Zhenshchina v Rossijskom obschestve = Woman in Russian Society. 2020; 1: 17-28. DOI: 10.201064/WinRS.2020.1.2 (In Russ.)

27. Stavceva T. I., Belousova E. A., Logvinova T. E. On the question of social importance of mass higher education. Uchenye zapiski Orlovskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya: Gumanitarnye i sotsial'nye nauki = Scientific Notes of Orel State University [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2020 Nov 10]; 5: 59-63. Available from: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/k-voprosu-o-sotsialnoy-znachimosti-vysshego-professionalnogo-obrazovaniya-v-usloviyah-ego-massovizatsii (In Russ.)

28. Maksimov A. G., Telezhkina M. S. Econometric analysis of phenomenon of higher education expansion. Prikladnaya ekonometrika = Applied Econometrics. 2019; 3 (55): 91-112. DOI: 10.24411/1993-7601-2019-10012 (In Russ.)

29. Gumport P. J. The United States country report: Trends in higher education from massification to post-massification [Internet]. 1997 [cited 2020 Nov 10]. Available from: https://web.stanford.edu/group/ncpi/documents/pdfs/1-04_massification.pdf

30. Mok K. H., Chan S. J. After massification and response to internationalization: Quality assurance of higher education in Taiwan and Hong Kong. In: Collins C., Lee M., Hawkins J., Neubauer D. (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Asia Pacific Higher Education. New York: Palgrave Macmillan; 2016. p. 423-438. DOI: 10.1057/978-1-137-48739-1_28

31. Tierney W. G., Ward J. D. The transformation of the system of postsecondary education in the United States. In: Altbach P. G., Reisberg L., De Wit H. (eds.). Massification differentiation in post-secondary education worldwide. Hamburg: Korber-Stiftung; 2017. p. 179-188. DOI: 10.1007/978-94-6351-083-7_15

32. Pan M., Luo D. A comparative analysis on models of higher education massification. Frontiers of Education in China. 2008; 3: 64-78. DOI: 10.1007/s11516-008-0004-8

33. Gao Y. Massification of higher education in China: Problems and solutions. In: Wu A., Hawkins J. (eds.). Massification of higher education in Asia. Higher education in Asia: Quality, excellence and governance. Singapore: Springer; 2018. p. 9-19. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-0248-0_2

34. Wu A. M. Hawkins J. N. Massification of higher education in Asia. Singapore: Springer; 2018. 147 p. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-0248-0

35. Chisick H. the limits of reform in the enlightenment: Attitudes toward the education of the lower classes in eighteenth-century France [Internet]. Princeton: Princeton University Press; 2014 [cited 2020 Nov 10]. 332 p. Available from: https://archive.org/details/limitsofre-formin0000chis

36. Melton J. V. H. Absolutism and the eighteenth-century origins of compulsory schooling in Prussia and Austria [Internet]. New York: Cambridge University Press; 1988 [cited 2020 Nov 10]. 260 p. Available from: https://archive.org/details/absolutismeighte0000melt

37. Suchodolski B. Komisja Edukacji Narodowej na tle roli oswiaty w dziejowym rozwoju Polski [Internet]. Wyd. 2. Warszawa: Wiedza Powszechna; 1973 [cited 2020 Nov 10]. 263 p. Available from: https://books.google.ru/books/about/Komisja_Edukacji_Narodowej_na_tle_roli_o.html?id=0W4nAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y (In Polish)

38. Schleunes K. A. Enlightenment, reform, reaction: The schooling revolution in Prussia. Central European History [Internet]. 1979 [cited 2020 Nov 10]; 4 (12): 315-342. Available from: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/central-european-history/article/abs/enlighten-ment-reform-reaction-the-schooling-revolution-in-prussia/247CB45BE41BDC18E0D92F07B-991CBDA

39. Ngugi W. T. Decolonizing the mind: The politics of language in African literature [Internet]. Oxford: James Currey Ltd.; 2005 [cited 2020 Nov 10]. 114 p. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317678104_NGUGI_WA_THIONG'O'NUN_DECOLONIZ-ING_THE_MIND_THE_POLITICS_OF_LANGUAGE_IN_AFRICAN_LITERATURE_ADLI_ESERI-NIN_SOMURGECILIK_-_DIL_ILISKISI_ACISINDAN_INCELENMESI

40. Il'yenkov E. V. K voprosu o dialektiko-materialisticheskoj kritike ob'ektivnogo idealizma. Dialekticheskaja logika. Ocherki, istorii i teorii = On dialectic-materialistic criticism of objective idealism. Dialectical logic. Essays, stories and theories [Internet]. 2nd ed. 1984 [cited 2020 Nov 10]. 320 p. Available from: https://litresp.ru/chitat/ru/N/iljenkov-evaljd-vasiljevich/dialekticheskaya-logika-ocherki-istorii-i-teorii/11 (In Russ.)

41. Stubbs R. War and economic development: Export-oriented industrialization in East and Southeast Asia. Comparative Politics [Internet]. 1999 [cited 2020 Nov 10]; 3: 337-355. DOI: 10.2307/422343

42. Roser M., Ortiz-Ospina E. Tertiary education [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2020 Nov 10]; Available from: https://ourworldindata.org/tertiary-education

43. Mok K., Jiang J. Massification of higher education and challenges for graduate employment and social mobility: East Asian experiences and sociological reflections. International Journal of Educational Development. 2018; 63: 44-51. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijedudev.2017.02.003

44. Ding, X. China's higher education market. DIFID WB Collaboration on Knowledge and Skills in the New Economy [Internet]. 2004 [cited 2020 Nov 10]. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337589737_Understanding_Vocational_Education_Market_in_China

45. Kapezina T. T. Tendencies of Russian higher education development. Vestnik Tambovskogo universiteta. Seriya: Obschestvennyie nauki = Tambov University Review. Series: Social Sciences [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2020 Nov 10]; 4 (8): 38-41. Available from: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/tendentsii-razvitiya-rossiyskogo-vysshego-obrazovaniya (In Russ.)

46. Avdeeva T. I., Kulik A. D., Kosareva A. N., Zhilkina T. A. Belogurov A. Yu. Problems and prospects of higher education system development in modern society. European Research Studies Journal. 2017; 4B (20): 112-124. DOI:10.35808/ERSJ/878

47. Golyusova Yu. V., Fengliang Li. The socio-economic consequences of over-receives in China and Russia are being reformed. Rossiya reformiruyuscheyasia = Reforming Russia [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2020 Nov 10]. Available from: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sotsialno-ekonomicheskie-posledstviya-izbytochnogo-obrazovaniya-v-kitae-i-rossii (In Russ.)

48. Guri-Rosenblit S. Massification and diversity of higher education systems: Interplay of complex dimensions. In: “Globalizing Knowledge: European and North American regions and policies addressing the priority issues of other UNESCO regions” [Internet]; 2007; Paris, France. Paris: UNESCO Headquarters; 2007 [cited 2020 Nov 10]; p. 373-389. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/32029702_Massification_and_Diversity_of_Higher_Education_Systems_Interplay_of_Complex_Dimensions

49. Teichler U. Changing patterns of the higher education systems [Internet]. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers; 1988 [cited 2020 Nov 10]. 144 p. Available from: https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED334953

50. Sainta W. Higher education in Nigeria: A status report. Higher Education Policy. 2003; 3 (16): 259-281. DOI: 10.1057/palgrave.hep.8300021

51. Reddy K. S., Xie E., Tang Q. Higher education, high-impact research, and world university rankings: A case of India and comparison with China. Pacific Science Review B: Humanities and Social Sciences. 2016; 1 (2): 1-21. DOI: 10.1016/j.psrb.2016.09.004

52. Mu, R., Wan, Q. The Development of science and technology: A comparison with India and the United States. Technology in Society. 2008; 30 (3-4): 319-329. DOI: 10.1016/j.techsoc.2008.04.023