Contemporary Volunteering in the Formation of Prosocial Behaviour of a Person

Introduction. In modern society, there is a growing demand for the spread of prosocial practices, among which the leading role is given to the volunteer movement. In this regard, the actual pedagogical task is the education of a prosocial person - a member of the public, whose activity is focused on the gratuitous societal service and is resulted from altruistic motives. Students are potential members, who can be involved in such activities. Student community is considered as a special social group, which is characterised by the highest degree of civic activity, the desire for self-organisation and self-realisation in various spheres of life.

The aims of the research presented in the article are to identify and analyse the attitude of youth to different types of volunteering; to justify the need for support and development of the volunteer movement as one of the main conditions for the safe and sustainable existence of society.

Methodology and research methods. The research was based on personal and socio-cognitive approaches to the process of education of the new generation, as well as on the key provisions of the theory of social security. The methods of focus group research, interviews, questionnaires and Internet surveys were employed as tools for information collection. The data obtained were generalised and processed using qualitative and quantitative methods of analysis, including content analysis, percentage analysis, correlation analysis through Pearson coefficient and factor analysis (principal component method, varimax rotation). The calculations were made with the use of the statistical software package SPPS 17.

Results and scientific novelty. The phenomenon of volunteering is considered as an important factor of social solidarity and social trust and as a form of safe prosocial behaviour of the individual. Based on the responses of respondents, who took part in the surveys, typical ideas about the motivation of the volunteer, his or her personal qualities and conditions of familiarising with various volunteer practices are identified, studied and generalised. The authors built up a psychological profile of a modern young man, capable of voluntary selfless acts for the benefit of others. Three groups of factors of formation of prosocial behaviour in the youth environment are allocated: social and ecological, educational and civil, cultural and religious. The types of volunteer activities are ranked according to the degree of their influence on the social well-being of the people around them in society according to the potential of gratuitous benefit for other people. From the perspective of the Russian Government and student community, it was revealed that there are some differences in assessing the potential of volunteerism in terms of the importance of selfless actions that contribute to human well-being in society. Conflicting priorities defined by the survey participants, and, the range of activities proclaimed in the Concept of development of volunteerism (volunteering) in the Russian Federation until 2025, can be connected with students’ insufficient awareness on voluntary projects or can be indicative for the risks of socialisation of young people.

Practical significance. The present research, on the one hand, enriches the field of knowledge about the essence of safe prosocial behaviour of the individual and, on the other hand, this study has a practice-oriented significance, as it can serve as a basis for the development of methods of psychological and pedagogical impact on the development of human readiness for prosocial behaviour, implemented through voluntary activity.

1. Kisilenko A. V. Volunteering: The potential of self-organisation of Russian youth. Nauchnyj rezultat. Sociologiya i upravlenie = Scientific Result. Sociology and Management. 2018; 4 (1): 63-71. (In Russ.)

2. Isen A. M., Clark, M. S., Schwartz, M. F. Duration of the effect of good mood on helping: Footprints on the sands of time. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1978; 36: 1-12.

3. Latane B., Darley J. The unresponsive bystander: Why doesn’t he help? New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts; 1970. 131 p.

4. Kim E. A systematic review of motivation of sport event volunteers. World Leisure Journal. 2018; 60 (4): 306-329.

5. Kee Y. H., Li C. Wang J. C. K., Kailani M. I. B. Motivations for volunteering and its associations with time perspectives and life satisfaction: A latent profile approach. Psychological Reports. 2018; 121 (5): 932-951.

6. Bidee J., Vantilborgh T., Pepermans R., Jegers M., Hofmans J. Daily motivation of volunteers in healthcare organizations: Relating team inclusion and intrinsic motivation using self-determination theory. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology. 2017; 26 (3): 325-336.

7. Cady S. H., Brodke M., Kim J.-H., Shoup Z. D. Volunteer motivation: A field study examining why some do more, while others do less. Journal of Community Psychology. 2018; 46 (3): 281-292.

8. Meneghini A. M., Mikulincer M., Shaver P. R. The contribution of caregiving orientations to volunteering-related motives, costs, and benefits. Personal Relationships. 2018; 25 (4): 517-537.

9. Benevene P., Dal Corso, L., De Carlo A., Carluccio F., Vecina M. L. Ethical leadership as antecedent of job satisfaction, affective organizational commitment and intention to stay among volunteers of non-profit organizations. Frontiers in Psychology. 2018; 9. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02069

10. Rainville G. Volunteering and psychological well-being: Assessing variations by gender and social context. Pastoral Psychology. 2018; 67 (1): 43-53.

11. Mirvis P. H., Hurley S. T., MacArthur, A. Transforming executives into corporate diplomats: The power of global pro bono service. Organizational Dynamics. 2014; 43 (3): 235-245.

12. Lee C. K., Reisinger Y., Kim M. J., Yoon S. M. The influence of volunteer motivation on satisfaction, attitudes, and support for a mega-event. International Journal of Hospitality Management. 2014; 40: 37-48.

13. Frank E., Breyan J., Elon L. K. Pro bono work and nonmedical volunte- erism among US women physicians. Journal of Women’s Health. 2003; 12 (6): 589-598.

14. Kirkland K. B. From quid pro quo to quid pro bono: Reshaping the influence of industry on health care epidemiologists. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2010; 50 (1): 93-97.

15. Chashkova O. Yu., Sinelnikova N. A., Romanova M. L., Kovtun R. I., Shlyu- bul E. Yu. Modelling and assessment of prosocial behaviour of volunteers. Nauchnye trudy Kubanskogo gosudarstvennogo tekhnologicheskogo universiteta = Scientific works of Kuban State Technological University. 2016; 5: 143-158. (In Russ.)

16. Molchanova N. V. Prosocial behaviour as a condition of intercultural interaction. Izvestija Saratovskogo universiteta. Novaja serija: Akmeologija obrazova- nija. Psihologija razvitija = Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Educational Acmeology. Developmental Psychology. 2013; 2 (5): 3-6. (In Russ.)

17. Svencickij A. L., Kazanceva T. V. Everyday prosocial behavior of the individual as the accumulation of social capital. Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo uni- versiteta. Ser. 12 = Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Series 12. 2015; 2: 4555. (In Russ.)

18. Reshetnikov O. V. Koncepcija social’nogo sluzhenija v sovremennom obshhestve = The concept of social service in modern society [Internet]. Moscow: Russian State Social University; 2008 [cited 2018 Nov 25]. Available from: http://social-orthodox.info/pages/3_1_reshetnikova.htm (In Russ.)

19. Popova N. V., Popova E. V. Volunteering as a factor in the formation of moral standards among young people. Obrazovanie i nauka = The Education and Science Journal. 2018; 10 (20): 139-155. (In Russ.)

20. Panarin I. A., Nazarova A. A. Experience of empirical research of social responsibility of volunteers. Uchenye zapiski Rossijskogo gosudarstvennogo soci- al’nogo universiteta = Scientific Notes of Russian State Social University. 2018; 17 (3): 14-21. (In Russ.)

21. Bolotova L. V. Main components of the pedagogical potential of volunteer activity of students-future specialists of social work. Socdal’no-ehkonomicheskie yavleniya i processy = Socio-Economic Phenomena and Processes. 2011; 7: 273278. (In Russ.)

22. Mitrofanenko V. V. Molodezhnye dobrovol’cheskie iniciativy v mestnom so-obshhestve. Urovni dobrovol'cheskoj podgotovki = Youth volunteer initiatives in the local community. Levels of voluntary training. In: Social’no-kul’turnye i isto- richeskie aspekty razvitija regiona: istorija i sovremennost’ = Socio-cultural and historical aspects of the development of the region: History and modernity. Stavropol; 2018. p. 266-273. (In Russ.)

23. Olenina G. V. International volunteering as a social and cultural movement: Culturological approach. Uchenye zapiski (Atajskaya gosudarstvennaya akademiya kul’tury i iskusstv) = Scientific Notes (Altai State Academy of Culture and Arts). 2017; 1 (11): 39-43. (In Russ.)

24. Shmeleva E. A., Pravdov M. A., Kislyakov P. A., Kornev A. V. Psycho-pedagogical support of development and correction of psycho-functional and physical abilities within socialisation of children with intellectual disabilities. Teoriya i praktika fizicheskoy kul’tury = Theory and Practice of Physical Culture. 2016; 3: 41-43. (In Russ.)

25. Kislyakov P. A., Shmeleva E. A. The social and educational projecting in the spiritual and moral formation of the future teacher. Sovremennye issledovani- ya social’nyh problem (ehlektronnyj nauchnyj zhurnal) = Moden Research of Social Problems. 2015; 10 (54): 41-43. (In Russ.)

26. Kislyakov P. A., Shmeleva E. A., Silaeva O. A., Belyakova N. V., Savchenko D. V. Research on prosocial behavior of Russian youth: Statement of the problem in the context of security of the individual and society. In: Proceeding of the International Conference on Communicative Strategies of Information Society (CSIS 2018). Series "Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research". 2019; Vol. 289: 519-523.