Factores en la formación de competencias STEM en la educación vocacional: una revisión analítica de investigaciones extranjeras

Introducción. Las competencias STEM (ciencia, tecnología, ingeniería y matemáticas) en todo el mundo son una de las áreas prioritarias de la investigación científica moderna. Al mismo tiempo, la consolidación de factores en la formación de competencias STEM sigue siendo estudiada de manera deficiente y ello, se refleja en los resultados de trabajos científicos fragmentados, lo que hace que la investigación aquí llevada a cabo, sea relevante y oportuna. Objetivo. El objetivo del artículo es sistematizar las ideas científicas sobre las competencias STEM y las condiciones para su formación como requisito previo a fin de comprender las perspectivas de desarrollo de las STEM en la etapa de educación vocacional. Metodología, métodos y procesos de investigación. El estudio es de revisión y análisis y tiene como objetivo reflejar los aspectos teóricos y aplicados de la educación STEM. La investigación sistematiza visiones científicas sobre la definición y modelos de formación de competencias STEM, analiza artículos científicos relacionados con el período de los años 2005 a 2024, que permiten construir un sistema de factores para la formación de competencias STEM en el contexto de la educación vocacional en otros países. Resultado y novedad científica. Se sistematizan los factores e ideas sobre las condiciones para la formación de competencias STEM en el proceso de formación profesional para la economía innovadora y se caracterizan las barreras para el desarrollo de este campo de la ciencia y la educación. Se describe un sistema de factores referente a la formación de competencias STEM. Se han identificado barreras que tienen un efecto inhibidor sobre el desarrollo de esta orientación. Significado práctico. Los resultados del estudio pueden utilizarse en el desarrollo de programas educativos para la formación de especialistas en las áreas de tecnologías críticas y transversales en el sistema de educación vocacional.

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