Personnel training for nuclear medicine: essence, current status, and challenges
https://doi.org/10.17853/1994-5639-2026-2-56-84
Abstract
Introduction. The study is dedicated to addressing the systemic personnel shortage in nuclear medicine, which is caused by interdisciplinary fragmentation, a lack of unified educational standards, and misaligned professional pathways. Aim. The present research aimed to identify systemic issues in personnel training and to develop the theoretical and methodological foundations of an integrative model for continuous education within this industry. Methodology and research methods. Methodologically, this research is grounded in contextual and integrative approaches. An analysis of contemporary scientific literature and regulatory legal documents was undertaken. Methods employed include comparative analysis of educational programmes in medical and technical universities, systematisation of professional competencies, and identification of methodological and organisational-pedagogical barriers within the framework of networked interaction between educational and clinical institutions. Results. The issue of outdated professional and educational standards that fail to adequately meet the needs of the industry has been identified. The disciplinary divide between the medical and engineering-physics approaches to training personnel for nuclear medicine results in differing interpretations of its core principles and impedes interprofessional communication. Organisational and pedagogical barriers include the lack of integration of clinical practice within engineering education and the limited scope of radiochemistry programmes. Scientific novelty. The scientific novelty lies in the detailed identification of the interdisciplinary gap in training personnel for complex industries and the justification for the necessity of integrative pedagogical models based on the principles of continuity and a contextual approach. Practical significance. The practical significance resides in the potential application of these findings to develop an interdepartmental plan for modernising the personnel training system, aimed at addressing the industry’s staffing requirements and ensuring its technological sovereignty.
About the Authors
V. A. FedorovРоссия
Vladimir A. Fedorov – Dr. Sci. (Education), Professor, Department of Pedagogy
Ekaterinburg
A. A. Baranova
Россия
Anna A. Baranova – Cand. Sci. (Engineering), Associate Professor, Department of Experimental Physics,
Institute of Physics and Technology
Ekaterinburg
P. Kubrushko
Россия
Petr F. Kubrushko – Dr. Sci. (Education), Professor, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of
Education, Head of the Department of Pedagogics and Psychology of Professional Education
Moscow
References
1. Rosenkrantz A.B., Chaves C.L., Hughes D.R., Recht M.P., Nass S.J., Hricak H. National trends in oncologic diagnostic imaging. Journal of the American College of Radiology. 2020;17(9):1116–1122. doi:10.1016/j.jacr.2020.06.001
2. Hricak H., Abdel-Wahab M., Atun R., Lette M.M., Paez D., Brink J.A., et al. Medical imaging and nuclear medicine: a Lancet Oncology Commission. The Lancet. Oncology. 2021;22(4):136–172. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(20)30751-8
3. Mankoff D. The future of nuclear medicine. The Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 2023;64:1329–1330. doi:10.2967/jnumed.123.266448
4. Olivier P., Colarinha P., Fettich J., Fischer S., Frökier J., Giammarile F., et al. Guidelines for radioiodinated MIBG scintigraphy in children. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 2003;30(5):B45–50. doi:10.1007/s00259-003-1138-9
5. Wang J., Lan X., Shi H., Li S. A brief report on the results of the 2024 national survey of nuclear medicine conducted by the Chinese society of nuclear medicine. The Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 2025;66:684–685. doi:10.2967/jnumed.124.269044
6. Yang W., Kang F., Chen Y., Zhu Z., Wang F., Qin C., et al. Landscape of nuclear medicine in China and its progress on theranostics. Journal of Nuclear Medicine: Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 2024;65(1):29S–37S. doi:10.2967/jnumed.123.266968
7. Luo F., Geng J., Chen S. Status and development of nuclear medicine over one decade in Beijing. World Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 2024;23:73–78. doi:10.1055/s-0044-1778712
8. Chipiga L.A., Kozlova K.N., Zvonova I.A., Vodovatov A.V., Biblin A.M., Stanzhevsky A.A. The geography and structure of nuclear medicine centres in the Russian Federation in 2025. Radiacionnaja gigiena = Radiation Hygiene. 2025;18(2):98–108. (In Russ.) doi:10.21514/1998-426X-2025-18-2-98-108
9. Uiba V.V., Udalov Yu.D., Lebedev A.O., Shulepova L.I. Prospects for implementing of technologies of nuclear medicine in the FMBA of Russia. Medicinskaja radiologija i radiacionnaja bezopasnost’ = Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2019:64(2):5–10. (In Russ.) doi:10.12737/article_5ca58d9b366162.17322538
10. Kovalchuk M.V., Deev S.M., Sergunova K.A. Targeted nuclear medicine. Achievements, challenges and prospects. Rossijskie nanotehnologii = Russian Nanotechnologies. 2023;18(4):436–455. (In Russ.) doi:10.56304/S1992722323040088
11. Anokhin Yu.N. Primenenie jadernyh i radiacionnyh tehnologij v medicine = Application of Nuclear and Radiation Technologies in Medicine. Moscow: INFRA-M Scientific Publishing Center LLC; 2023. 233 p. (In Russ.) doi:10.12737/1882570
12. Muylle K., Maffioli L. Nuclear medicine training in Europe: “All for One, One for All”. Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 2017;58(12):1904–1905. doi:10.2967/jnumed.117.201012
13. Czernin J., Calais J. Redesigned curricula, stringent licensing criteria, and integrated independence are conditions for a bright future for nuclear medicine in the United States. Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 2023;64(9):1359–1360. doi:10.2967/jnumed.123.265672
14. Biersack H.J. Nuclear medicine training: two different pathways? Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 2018;59(8):1335. doi:10.2967/jnumed.118.210401
15. Swan M. Health 2050: the realization of personalized medicine through crowdsourcing, the quantified self, and the participatory biocitizen. Journal of Personalized Medicine. 2012;2:93–118. doi:10.3390/jpm2030093
16. Aleksandrova O.A., Yarasheva A.V., Medvedeva Е.I., Kroshilin S.V. Scientific approaches to development of human resources in the capital’s healthcare: 5 years of research experience. Narodonaselenie = Population. 2024;27(4):140–152. doi:10.24412/1561-7785-2024-4-140-152
17. Kuznetsova O.V., Samoylov A.S., Volpyanskaya O.I. Training for nuclear medicine. Medicinskaja radiologija i radiacionnaja bezopasnost’ = Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2019;64(2):82–88. (In Russ.) doi:10.12737/article_5ca610ab7b5103.17524440
18. Adefuye A.O., Adeola H.A., More S., Mohamed Z. The need for nationally accepted guidelines for undergraduate nuclear medicine teaching in MBChB programmes in South Africa. South Africa Journal of Radiology. 2020;24(1):1874. doi:10.4102/sajr.v24i1.1874
19. Markova V.D., Puhalskiy A.N. Modern possibilities of nuclear medicine development in Russia. Patologija krovoobrashhenija i kardiohirurgija = Pathology of Blood Circulation and Cardiac Surgery. 2012;16(1):7–10. (In Russ.) Accessed October 26, 2025. https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=17851089
20. Gallach M., Lette M., Abdel-Wahab M., Giammarile F., Pellet O., Paez D. Addressing global inequities in positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) for cancer management: a statistical model to guide strategic planning. Medical Science Monitor: International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2020;26:e926544-1–e926544-8. doi:10.12659/msm.926544
21. Paez D., Giammarile F., Orellana P. Nuclear medicine: a global perspective. Clinical and Translational Imaging. 2020;8:51–53. doi:10.1007/s40336-020-00359-z
22. Chernyaev A.P., Hakobyan J.A., Antipina N.A., et al. Primary specialized accreditation medical physicists. Medicinskaja fizika = Medical Physics. 2024;1:63–71. (In Russ.) doi:10.52775/1810- 200X-2024-101-1-63-71
23. Tyurin I.E. Otchet za 2020 g. glavnogo vneshtatnogo specialista Minzdrava Rossii po luchevoj i instrumental’noj diagnostike = Report for 2020 by the Chief Freelance Specialist of the Ministry of Health of Russia on Radiation and Instrumental Diagnostics. Accessed October 26, 2025. https://static-0.minzdrav.gov.ru/system/attachments/attaches/000/056/620/original/ %D0 %9E %D1 %82 %D1 %87 %D0 %B5 %D1 %82_ %D0 %B7 %D0 %B0_2020_ %D0 %B3 %D0 %BE %D0 %B4_ %D0 %A2 %D1 %8E %D1 %80 %D0 %B8 %D0 %BD.pdf?1624967722
24. Chernyaev A.P., Borshchegovskaya P.Yu., Nikolaeva A.A., Varzar S.M., Samosadny V.T., Krusanov G.A. Radiation technologies in medicine. Part 2. The use of isotopes in nuclear medicine. Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya 3: Fizika. Astronomiya = Bulletin of the Moscow University. Series 3: Physics. Astronomy. 2016;4:3–12. Accessed October 26, 2025. https://vmu.phys.msu.ru/ru/abstract/2016/4/16-4-003/
25. Verhoturova V.V., Veber Y.Y., Sukhikh E.S. Development and use of the modular educational program “Nuclear Medicine” for training medical physicists (masters). Medicinskaja fizika = Medical Physics. 2021;4(92):55–66. (In Russ.) doi:10.52775/1810-200X-2021-92-4-55-66
26. Yan H., Hu Z., Huang. P., Men K., Zhang Y., Wang L., et al. The status of medical physics in radiotherapy in China. Physica Medica. 2021;85:147–157. doi:10.1016/j.ejmp.2021.05.007
27. Lawal I.O. Nuclear medicine training: skills and competencies required for practice in the 21st century. World Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 2023;22(2):75–77. doi:10.1055/s-0043-1769588
28. Aerts A., Eberlein U., Holm S., Hustinx R., Konijnenberg M., Strigari L., et al. EANM position paper on the role of radiobiology in nuclear medicine. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 2021;48(11):3365–3377. doi:10.1007/s00259-021-05345-9
29. Subramanian G. The role of the radiochemist in nuclear medicine. Seminars in Nuclear Medicine. 1974;4(3):219–227. doi:10.1016/s0001-2998(74)80010-3
30. Lonsdale M.N., Bardiès M., Boellaard R., Christofides S., Flux G., Lassmann M., et al. EFOMP and EANM: joint recommendations for a curriculum for the education and training of physicists in nuclear medicine. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 2013;40:645–648. doi:10.1007/s00259-013-2349-3
31. Teresińska A., Birkenfeld B., Królicki L., Dziuk M. Nuclear medicine training and practice in Poland. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 2014;41(10):1995–1999. doi:10.1007/s00259-014-2853-0
32. Czernin J. Is 16 months of specialized nuclear medicine training enough for best patient care? Journal of Nuclear Medicine.2017;58(10):1535.
33. Lass P., Scheffler J. Undergraduate teaching of nuclear medicine in European universities. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 2003;30(7):1018–1023. doi:10.1007/s00259-003-1191-4
34. Wang S.C. Nuclear medicine training in China. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 1996;23(10):1405–1407. doi:10.1007/BF01367600
35. Xia X., Qin C., Li M., Lan X. Standardized nuclear medicine residency training program in China. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 2024;51(11):3153–3156. doi:10.1007/ s00259-024-06798-4
36. Welch M.J. Training needs for chemists in nuclear medicine research and production. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry. 1993;171:269–276. doi:10.1007/BF02039697
37. Al Azzawi S., Rojas Marin J., Goddard B. Radiochemistry education and demand. Nuclear Science and Technology Open Research. 2025;3:25. doi:10.12688/nuclscitechnolopenres.17618.1
38. Segall G.M., Grady E.E., Fair J.R., Ghesani M.V., Gordon L. Nuclear medicine training in the United States. Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 2017;58(11):1733–1734. doi:10.2967/jnumed.117.200857
39. Ruddell J.H., Eltorai A.E.M., Tang O.Y., et al. The current state of nuclear medicine and nuclear radiology: workforce trends, training pathways, and training program websites. Academic Radiology. 2020;27(12):1751–1759. doi:10.1016/j.acra.2019.09.026
Review
For citations:
Fedorov V.A., Baranova A.A., Kubrushko P. Personnel training for nuclear medicine: essence, current status, and challenges. The Education and science journal. 2026;28(2):56-84. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17853/1994-5639-2026-2-56-84
JATS XML





























