Introduction. For over two decades, Russian education has been in a state of permanent reform. Due to the long and unproductive nature of the modernisation process, researchers are paying special attention to systemic factors, noting that system optimisation processes are structured primarily around organisational and technological models derived from industry. The prevalence of the technological component over the axiological results in the consolidation of a pragmatic, narrowly functional, technocratic vector of education development. To overcome this situation and to break this deadlock, a profound reconsideration of the values underlying mechanisms of reform is required, taking into account multifaceted personal, social, national and universal relations, as well as unity of content, forms and means of education.

The aims of the research were identified as follows: to analyse the current trends of modernisation in comprehensive schools and higher educational establishments; to justify humanistic mechanisms for improving the modernisation in the context of language education, which performs personally developing and socialising functions under ideological pluralism and opposition of value systems.

Methodology and research methods. The research was conducted taking a person-activity-based approach, referring to cultural-historical concepts, ideas of philosophical hermeneutics and traditional principles of pedagogical methodology. The theoretical framework was based on the publications and philosophical foundations of Russian and foreign scholars, who define the key role of humanistic principles and value orientations in education. The following standard research methods were used: comparison, induction, deduction, abstraction, synthesis, specification, structural and logical modelling, content analysis of documents and scientific publications on the stated problem, observation, questioning, peer review and experiment. In addition, non-standard methods and research techniques such as metaphorical modelling, biographical method and interpretational techniques were used.

Results and scientific novelty. Modernisation processes in Russian education were considered: regulatory base, purposes, priorities, problems and prospects. The following thesis was proposed: at the new stage of socio-historical transformation, it is necessary to overcome the negative effects of long-term practice in the reform of the national educational system through developing established traditions as well as updating the humanistic potential of education and ensuring its axiological enrichment. The authors consider pedagogical hermeneutics as a potentially productive means and methodological tool. Pedagogical hermeneutics implies a heuristic and poly-variable apperception of reality through education in order to understand and interpret different genres of cultural texts, providing simultaneous support both to the general public and to the individual, on the basis of rational and emotionally intelligent experience accumulated in science, religion, art, language and national traditions – i.e. culture as a whole. It was shown that language education based on principles of pedagogical hermeneutics is capable of establishing humanistic mechanisms of personactivity-based social norms and cultural models. The authors presented a number of modelling options for the realisation of the proposed hermeneutical approach: various experimentally-validated techniques, educational approaches and procedures designed by teacher-researchers were briefly described, focusing on the achievement of qualitative conformance of educational results to the humanistic appeals and urgent needs of society.

Practical significance. The use of hermeneutical techniques as educational tools and procedures allows us to decode semiotic information of curricula subjects; in addition, when using meta-language, it is possible to expand the content by adding personal value-sense and dialogical subjectivity, as well as to transform it into a personal sign-symbol or behavioural template. The acquisition of language experience in the process of humanistic-centred education increases the immunity of a student to various manifestations of character defectivity, strengthening identity and resistance to manipulation of consciousness in political and ideological processes and mass media. Moreover, language experience resists the deformation of the communicative sphere and verbal-cognitive processes, encouraging personal self-realisation.

Introduction. In today’s globalising world, science acquires a crucial importance: integrating humanity within the framework of solving global problems, it becomes one of the leading factors in social development, facilitating work and diversifying leisure time, as well as serving as an instrument of transformations in the political sphere. Undoubtedly, the social aspects of contemporary science are capturing the attention of a huge number of researchers. However, it is not clear that all areas of the sociology of science treat the object of their study in the same way.

Aim. A lack of reflection on the unity or otherwise in the understanding of the essence of science in the various fields of sociological research makes it difficult to compare different theories of the institutional, cultural, social and communicative contexts of scientific development. An urgent methodological task therefore consists in developing an understanding of the various definitions of the concept of “science” used in the framework of contemporary sociological analysis of this phenomenon.

Results and scientific novelty. In this paper, two dominant sociological views on science – as an experimental-mathematical approach to cognising the world and as a system of representations in general – are compared. We conclude that while researchers studying institutional aspects of science tend to interpret it in terms of the “heritage” of post-Enlightenment European rationalism, constructionist and communicatively-oriented researchers tend to approach science as the system of knowledge and cognition that is formed in any human society, having its own specific sociocultural features in each respective case. While each of these two approaches undoubtedly has its own methodological potential, in order to provide such a diverse field of studies with a common ground, it would be necessary to balance them with a third aspect. We argue that this balancing role, since both common for all mankind and unique for every culture, could be played by Heidegger’s conceptualisation of science as “the theory of the real”.

Practical significance. In order to avoid a pluralism of incompatible theories, it is important to continually pose the question “what is the object of study when conducting a sociological study of various scientific phenomena?” – as well as to understand the “limits of applicability” of the particular interpretation of science on which basis sociological analysis proceeds.

Introduction. A historical overview is often quite useful in search for answers to some pressing issues. Learning from others can also help to cope with separate current problems. One of such problems encountered by modern Russian professional education is restoration and consolidation of its practice orientation through selection of an appropriate content and upbringing of youth in the course of pre-employment process. A considerable variety of material in this regard has been accumulated over the last several centuries in Germany.

The aim of this paper was to analyse the cause-and-effect relationships of developmental priorities in the German professional pedagogy during the 18th – early 20th centuries.

Methodology and research methods. System and comparative approaches were used as main methodological tools. The leading method was a comparative retrospective analysis, which allowed the authors to compare various scientific resources. In addition, the approaches of goal-setting and formalisation of expected results were applied. The content analysis and systematisation of documents and other historical and pedagogical resources were employed. In view of information extensiveness, the selection was compiled with the principle of necessity and sufficiency, i. e. reduction of excess data when maintaining the completeness of facts for continued use.

Results and scientific novelty. The stages of formation and development of labour school were identified according to the ideas of the German scientists and the educational practice accepted in Germany during the considered historical period. The main directions of training through activity were characterised: philanthropinism, manualism, professionalism and activism. The influence of social and economic conditions on formation and transformation of various educational concepts was demonstrated, which constant despite everything was a combination of fundamental and applied components of vocational training. The continuity of pedagogical theory and practice of the past in the modern system of the German professional education was shown.

Practical significance. The findings obtained by the Russian-German research team can be useful when developing and implementing flexible and adaptive differentiated curricula into modern vocational education in Russia.

Introduction. The concept of “discipline” has not been thoroughly investigated in psychology yet. In addition, a system of military higher education needs for new psychological knowledge on discipline structure and its formation.

The aim of the research was to reveal poly-systemic characteristics of selfdiscipline concerning its psychological components and interrelations between them.

Methodology and research methods. The research was based on the polysystemic approach and the theory of “meta-individual world”, which establishes a heterogeneous nature of an individual. The questionnaire on discipline was the main diagnostic tool, which was approved to be reliable and valid. Confirmatory factor and comparative analysis were used to process the results obtained.

Results and scientific novelty. For the first time, the poly-system origin of discipline has been revealed theoretically, logically and empirically. Its composition and changing structures according to a poly-system criterion were described. The structure of discipline included the following indicators: “obedience from childhood”, “self-restraint”, “social motives”, “orientation to result”, “acceptance of self-responsibility” and “consciousness”. According to internal and external factors, which have an impact on discipline, its systems were distinguished as follows: social discipline, self-discipline and shared discipline. Three models were tested: a unitary model (without allocation of discipline systems), a dual parallel model (with independent systems of social discipline and self-discipline) and a dual overlapping model (composite). Compared to the other two models, the advantage of composite model was justified. However, one-factor, twofactor and three-factor analysis showed that each of models has its advantages and significance. It was shown that components (indicators) of discipline were redistributed variously in different models. The obtained results were explained by the integrative effects, which are similar to a structural isomerism: the same components of discipline can be the part of several systems. On this basis, the authors proposed the idea that latent factors switch discipline components from one system to the other.

Practical significance. The materials of the present publication have practical value for the specific ways to form and strengthen the discipline of military students. To develop this important capacity within military personnel in the educational process, it is necessary to use external and internal resources in combination (i.e. components of social discipline and self-discipline). To provide more effective assessment of students’ professional suitability, it is recommended to pay attention to discipline diagnostics in the process of selection of entrants for admission to military educational institutions, and in particular, to determine the expressiveness of indicators of self-restraint and obedience from childhood.

Introduction. Professional development of students requires effective interaction with teachers, scientists, university administrators, students, representatives of professional community and labour market. The effectiveness of this interaction resulted from its information support, based on reliable information, promptly provided to all the members of learning process.

The aim of this paper was to study the machine learning methods potential for the effective management of learning process by the example of implementing information support component designed to diagnose and predict the professional development of students based on automatic text analysis.

Methodology and research methods. The theoretical basis of the research involved modelling of students’ professional development using the analysis of textual informative and professional relevance in written works of students. To identify the characteristics of professional development, a computer cluster analysis of texts was carried out using the K-means method of clustering. The Bayes method was used to construct a model for classifying students from the standpoint of identified features.

Results and scientific novelty. A computer analysis of texts relating to different stages of learning for the evaluation of general and special vocabulary was performed. Regularities in the dynamics of students’ use of general scientific and professional terminology were revealed. Accordingly, the groups with certain trends of educational behaviour of students were formed. It was shown how this differentiation, based on the complex of previously selected dynamic indicators characterising the changes of professional vocabulary, expands the possibilities for diagnostics and forecasting of professional growth of students. The author notes that the efficiency of similar intellectual systems is determined not only by the continued database up-dating, i.e. the amount of data in turn influence the accuracy of model of students’ classification and, consequently, the forecast of students’ professional development. Equally important is the improvement of knowledge base, which contains the criteria of professional development and complies with the requirement of basic dictionaries relevance. In addition, supportive procedures should be carried out with participating of the representatives of professional community.

Practical significance. The information support provided for the management of professional development of students can be used both for operational decision making and developing content and technologies for educational process. This means students can evaluate the dynamics of own performance in comparison with earlier works, classmates’ work, target indicators of the use of general scientific and professional terminology. This information management component allows teachers to monitor the content of texts and easily determine the authorship of content of learner’s general frequency vocabulary and the dynamics of its change. The representatives of labour market along with access to information on the current progress of a student can define his or her prospects as a future worker. Heads of educational programmes, university administrators receive objective information about the content of disciplines as their study is reflected in the students’ professional development.

Introduction. The implementation of inclusive education in the Russian comprehensive schools is a multidimensional process followed by a complex of organisational and methodological problems. The participants of this process have expressed diverging views on the following ideas: what sequence it has to be implemented; who has to become a leading actor implementing new educational principles into practice; what main structural changes of the developed system in general education have to be in connection with the introduction of inclusive education. It is necessary to analyse and understand the existing disagreements between all participants of a process. Undoubtedly, the experts of inclusive education, who are directly engaged in its theory and practice, can give the most exact answers to arising acute issues. Their experience and skill level allow a picture of situation to be presented in the most objective way.

The aim of the research was to analyse main models of a current stage and prospects in development of inclusive education inMoscow and throughoutRussia.

Methodology and research methods. The research was based on the methodology of scenario approach. In June 2015, the Laboratory of Monitoring Studies at the Moscow State University of Psychology & Education implemented the research “Prospects for the development of inclusive education in Moscow” in the form of expert scenario-prognostic monitoring (method of ESMM). In the course of the survey, 81 experts (practitioners, scientists, representatives of educational organisations and the public, managers) were interviewed. The quantitative way of representing the estimates by respondents allowed formal and mathematical methods to be used when processing the results – the factorial and correlation types of analysis using the IBM SPSS Statistics software package.

Results and scientific novelty. The vast majority of representatives of expert community were quite pessimistic about the situation on the introduction of inclusive concept of education in Moscow. Concerning the most relevant issues, professional and psychological unreadiness of personnel structure of educational institutions to perform labour duties in the new conditions of training and education for younger generation was ranked as a prevailing idea. Moreover, among other issues, the author noted insufficient number of inclusive schools in Moscow, absence of pedagogical support for children with disabilities, as well as special educational conditions, including programmes for social adaptation.

Based on the distribution of peer reviews, three main models of developing inclusive education systems were revealed and described: state, social and educational. When organising and supporting a joint form of education for children with different needs inRussia, the priority is given to state structures in the first (state) model; in the second (social) – to public organisations. The third (educational) model is focused on gradual transition, in which the former rehabilitative educational establishments should be maintained by forging productive collaboration with comprehensive schools.

Practical significance. Clearly defined experts’ standpoints in relation to the current stage of developing inclusive education allow us to better understand ongoing processes. In addition, the knowledge of characteristics of each of them contributes to forecasting its possible development and adopting more effective management decisions.

. Introduction. Nowadays, specialists of different scientific directions note the growing trend in the deterioration of physical and mental health of younger generation, largely resulting from the health cost of education. In this regard, it is important to develop the institution of tutoring as a pedagogical innovation, which will ensure the formation of a healthy, active, purposeful and responsible personality, who can successfully live in a rapidly changing world.

The aim of the article was to identify the factors, which have to be taken into consideration, when organising and implementing master’s education in the direction “Health-Preserving Tutor”.

Methodology and research methods. Leading methodological approaches, when studying future tutors’ readiness for health-preserving activities, were anthropological, personality-oriented and environmental. The authors designed the programme of complex diagnostics “Harmony”, which included the following methodologies: evaluation of satisfaction with physical condition (according to Giesener Beschwerdebogen, GBB); self-evaluation of mental state (H. J. Eysenck); “Value orientations” (M. Rokich); the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (T. Holmes, R. Rage); questionnaires “Need for tension in terms of health” (Z. I. Tyumaseva, A. A. Tsygankov, I. L. Orekhova) and “The level of development of recreational activity” (G. V. Valeeva, V. S. Misharina).

Results and scientific novelty. The structure and the concepts of “tutoring” and “tutoring support in health-preserving” were specified. The components of the tutors’ readiness for health-preserving activity were revealed: psycho-emotional, psycho-physical, cognitive and value-motivational. In the course of pedagogical experiment, the factors of risks and sustainability, which influence the formation of tutors’ readiness for health-preserving activity, were identified. A diagnostic program was developed to identify the factors.

Practical significance. The developed diagnostic tool can be employed when assessing the level of readiness formation for health-preserving activity among students and tutors. The materials of the research can be useful to specialists, who are engaged in vocational training of tutors, as well as to teachers, heads of educational organisations and undergraduates of pedagogical higher education institutions.

Introduction. The implementation of competency-based approach in the university requires the development of evaluation tools, which contribute to assessing the formation of professional competencies. Diagnostic materials should reflect the real school practice, the experience of teachers, as well as the existing methodological problems and difficulties when organising the activities of teachers.

The aim of the research was to assess the effectiveness of case-note as an assessment tool, which allows us to judge the methodological competency both of a university graduate and a practising teacher.

Methodology and research methods. The research was carried out employing activity and competency-based approaches related to the application of methods of modelling and comparative analysis.

Results and scientific novelty. As a means of a diagnostic methodology, a case-designed lesson plan presented by the authors combines the characteristics of a traditional lesson plan and a case-structured assignment. The features of the case-designed lesson plan and its content specificity were thoroughly analysed; specific examples were provided.

The approbation of methodology was carried out among the students enrolled in “Psychology and Pedagogy of Primary Education” direction and primary school teachers, who attended advanced training courses. The results of performing tasks in Mathematics case-designed lesson plans were analysed by different categories of examinees, who participated in the research. The indicators determined in the groups of teachers were ranged according to the qualification category and work experience of teachers. Problems, typical challenges and mistakes made were commented on. On the basis of comparing the data obtained in groups of teachers and students, it was concluded that a case-designed lesson plan can serve as an effective tool for diagnosing the methodological readiness of future teachers and practising teachers for professional work. The recommendations on drafting case-designed lesson plans were proposed.

Practical significance. The materials of the research can be useful for university teacher-methodologists when developing tools for diagnosing graduates’ readiness for professional pedagogical activity. Case-designed lesson plans can be used as a didactic material in the course of practical training of university students or further training of teachers.