Preview

The Education and science journal

Advanced search
No 10 (2015)
View or download the full issue PDF (Russian)
https://doi.org/10.17853/1994-5639-2018-1

METHODOLOGY PROBLEMS

4-19 19353
Abstract

Aim. The contents and structure of the methodological unit of
scientific research on educational problems are defined. The present study is the continuation of methodological articles cycle appealed to support the work of newcomer researchers.

Methods. The requirements to research justification are disclosed; logicstylistic and language features of the argument while designing the methodological unit are described from the standpoint of complete, panoramic and hermeneutic approaches.

Results and scientific novelty. The characteristic of research hypotheses types and the functions realized by them is given. The scientific hypothesis is presented as the instrument of trans-level conceptualization of pedagogical knowledge. The author’s interpretation of a «through» stage-by-stage hypothesis-generating as process of a meaning-making and theoretical organization of research object is offered. Dual character of the hypothesis-generating is presented; it integrates logic-gnoseological and valuable-conceptual, rational and intuitively figurative principles. Typical mistakes in formation of the methodological research unit are analysed. The directions of a multiangle reflection implementation in the course of research activity are designated.

Practical significance. The recommendations proposed in the study can by used by teachers-researchers, students, undergraduates, graduate students and doctoral candidates mastering practical methodology of scientific and pedagogical search; and also the materials are designed for research supervisors motivated to increase efficiency and tutorial activity content.

PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH

20-38 1225
Abstract

The aim of this research is to study the relationship between
frontal midline theta rhythm changes and individual differences in working memory performance.

Methods. The methods involve behavioural testing on the basis of the program for a presentation of stimulus and registration of answers «PsyTask»; method of EEG (electroencephalography); a technique of measurement of efficiency of working memory; the comparative analysis. Software packages EEGLab for Matlab and Fieldtrip are applied while data processing.

Results. After the behavioral test all subjects were separated into 2 groups according to their performance: with «highly productive» and «low productive» memory. Specially prepared author’s complete set of the tasks which complexity varied from average to ultrahigh level was offered to participants of experiment –students and employees of the Ural Federal University and Ural Legal Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Working memory tasks included sets of verbal stimuli for memorizing in strict order without any mental manipulation and sets of similar stimuli for memorizing in alphabetical order (with manipulations). Measured characteristics of theta-rhythm of EEG during information deduction in memory were compared of two groups’ representatives. The obtained data has shown rather uniform and similar dynamics of decrease in quantity of right answers in process of increasing tasks’ complexity. However, changes of a thetarhythm in different groups had sharply expressed distinctions. «Highly productive» examinees have systematic expansion of a theta-rhythm in the central assignments with stabilisation on the most difficult tasks; «low productive» – while tasks performance of average complexity, a sharp falling of theta-rhythm activity is observed after achievement of its maximum activation.

Scientific novelty. The working memory «overload» effect and its EEG correlates are demonstrated on a big sample of subjects.

Practical significance. The work urgency is connected with increasing loadings for memory of the person in a modern information society. Research of the operating memory mechanisms is especially important for finding-out of pupils’ possibilities to renew their knowledge and independently solve various cognitive problems, including planning, orientation in verbal space, a mental manipulation objects, etc.

38-50 1576
Abstract

The aim of presented article – identification of interrelation of certain type of organizational culture in institute of education (closed, accidental, open or synchronous) and level of development of professional deformation of personality of teachers (authoritativeness, rigidity and noncriticality of self-perception).

The basis for methodology of research is sociocultural-interdeterministic dialogical approach of V. A. Yanchuk. In the course of research psychodiagnostic techniques were applied: technique of diagnostics of professional deformation of personality of teacher (V. E. Orel, S. P. Andreyev) and questionnaire of «Scale of organizational paradigms» of L. L. Konstantin.

Results of research of six institutes of education (schools and gymnasiums) showed that elements of deformation have higher level of manifestation in institutes with closed type of organizational culture, revealed in three institutes, and insignificant level in two institutes with open type of culture. In institutes with prevalence of synchronous and accidental types of organizational culture significant
exceeding on the level of deformation didn’t find. The greatest development of deformation of teachers is observed on elements of authoritativeness and rigidity, the smallest – on noncriticality of self-perception.

Scientific novelty of material is presented for the first time applied sociocultural-interdeterministic dialogical approach to research of professional deformation of personality, that psychological interdeterminant of deformation are allocated, one of structural components of model of ecocultural educational environment – open type of organizational culture in institute of education are described.

Practical significance of results consists in detection of opportunities and criteria of formation in institute of formation of ecocultural dialogical environment and its structural component for purpose of timely prevention and overcoming of professional deformation of personality of teachers, to creation of prerequisites for increase of efficiency of interaction among participants of educational process.

VOCATIONAL EDUCATION

51-63 1118
Abstract

The aim of this work is to test new approaches to the students’
practice organization in pedagogical universities on the basis of the competence approach.

Methods. Diagnosis of formedness competences is carried out on the basis of the analysis of products of activity during the students’ school internship.

Results. Teachers’ experience of Nizhny Novgorod State Pedagogical University of K. Minin on implementation of the innovative project «Clinical Bases of Internship » is presented. The authors have created and approved the program of school internship for the students with specialty in «Psychology and Pedagogics of Primary Education» based on the concept of the integrated clinical practice developed in higher education institution. The program involves organizational, reflexive-analytical, active-practical and project blocks. Features of clinical approach to pedagogical education are considered; requirements to school as the base of clinical practice are listed. The main content of student teaching and its role in professional formation of future elementary school teachers is disclosed. Importance of students’ project group and individual activity (the subject has to correspond to interests of employers and real needs of school) are emphasized.

Scientific novelty. Specifics of integrated clinical internship as a means of formation of professional metacompetences of undergraduate students are presented. The organization of pedagogical internship is reconsidered; theoretically it has to provide fast professionalizing of training, early immersion into a profession that will promote not only to successful formation of flexible pedagogical thinking, but also growth of professional motivation of students – development in them of the positive relation to work of the teacher, interest in communication with children of younger school age, and aspiration to pedagogical research creativity.

Practical significance. The research implementations can be of interest and useful to teachers of pedagogical universities and colleges.

EDUCATION ABROAD

64-79 2182
Abstract

The aim of the study – the comparative characteristic of the Russian and foreign practice of public expertise of the quality of general education for the scientific substantiation of its specificity as a social phenomenon and a tool to assess the quality of education.

Methods. The methods involve the reliance on the concept of public good, socially-relevant activities, revealing the social function and nature of education, and also the methodological principles of humanitarian expertise. Understanding and generalization of the contents publications on a subject (placed on the Internet and in periodicals) are designed on the basis of methods of a deconstruction, the problem and comparative analysis with search depth no more than 5 years.

Results. The analysis revealed a general trend of growth of attention to evaluation of education by the society under the influence of external (for education) factors. In Russia, this is due to a request from the state, change of the legislative base of education and is accompanied by a higher level of regulation. Objects of social expertise of education in Russia and abroad, as a whole, coincide –these are the aspects of quality, availability, openness of general education. Russian practice shows the offset of the target orientation of assessment from performing the monitoring functions in relation to school to formulating of cohesive positions to solve the problems of education, which is common for the practice of social expertise of Western countries. The value of foreign practice involves the diversity of customers, demand for public evaluation as a tool by the parent community, public organizations, and research universities.

Scientific novelty. The objectives, objects and subjects of an independent assessment of the quality of general education are clarified. Comprehensive theoretical basis for designing models of public expertise in the context, the development of scientific ideas and technologies in the field of humanitarian expertise are described.

Practical significance. The results and conclusions of the study have contributed to the development of the practice of independent evaluation of the quality of general education in different countries, increasing the demand for expert assessments by the state, society, and consumers of educational services.

SPECIAL CORRECTIONAL TRAINING

80-93 2974
Abstract

The aim of this study is to analyse and discuss, with regard to
the Curriculum Relation Model proposed by Berit Johnsen, how to plan a meaningful and individually adapted curriculum related to class curriculum as a means to realise the international principle of inclusive education.

Methods. The methods involve scientific and pedagogical analyses of one of the recent and sophisticated theories relating to the best model of an adapted curriculum and literature review for the international principle of inclusive education.

Results. Detailed investigation of Curriculum Relation Model reveals that this model involves all relevant aspects which should be taken into consideration when curriculum needs adaptation within inclusive education setting all over the world. An extension of the model with all the relevant aspects (the pupil/s, educational intentions, educational content, methods and organisation, assessment, communication, care and context/frame factors) makes it an ideal tool for a teacher/special needs educator to plan meaningful and individually adapted curriculum with a full relation to class curriculum. As for the international principle of inclusive education, literature review suggest that there are several international declarations and other relevant documents proposed by the United Nations regarding the rights of children with special needs to quality education without being exposed to any kinds of discrimination.

Scientific novelty. Scientific novelty of the study involves a fresh innovation in the sphere of curriculum development which still keeps its importance urgency in the countries initiating reforms in education.

Practical significance. Currently, inclusive education is an intensively discussed issue almost in all the countries. Although inclusive education has a history of couple of decades, some countries are at the beginning of inclusive education initiation. This is a point they come across quite a lot challenging issues one of which is the proper and effective adaptation of the curriculum. From this perspective, Curriculum Relation Model proposes a brilliant idea.

EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGIES

94-107 1430
Abstract

The aim of the article is to develop integrated practice-oriented
research assignments for students – upcoming teachers for the period of teaching practice. Proposed investigation is based on formal requirements of national education including analysis of specific educational activities in ethnically and culturally diverse society.

Methods. Axiological and anthropological approaches are used as the methodological basis of the study that reveal value and meaning of multicultural education and focus on development of multicultural personality of students in the learning process at the university. The work contains theoretical analysis of the Russian Federation State Program «Development of Education» for 2013–2020.

Results. The characteristics of culturally sensitive and culturally insensitive teaching technology are given in the article. Pedagogical factors of building tolerant environment which enables friendly interaction of multicultural students are revealed. Technology of multicultural teaching aimed at humanistic positive transformation of students’ personality and educational environment embracing cultural diversity is suggested.

Scientific novelty. The concept «practice-orientation of education» is offered to define as the ability to establish links between the teachers’ knowledge, skills and significant social and personal problems of students. In the context students’ research activity, practice-orientation is supposed to involve the study of working with students in a diversified environment taking into account their cognitive, ethno-cultural, linguistic differences, degree of tolerance towards peers and the level of intercultural competence.

Practical significance. Basic algorithm of teacher’s work in a multicultural environment is proposed. The algorithm is based on the following uniting values: caring for others and compassion; striving for success by fair means; honesty and integrity; team spirit; respect of other opinions; responsibility for own words and deeds; understanding, tolerance and acceptance of the world around. International communicative Internet project is developed including criteria for assessment of social and students’ personal characteristics as a result of the project work.

TE­AC­HING MET­HODS

108-120 1371
Abstract

The aim of the study is to describe the method of forming the
structure of knowledge of students on the basis of an integrated approach (expert, taxonomy and thesaurus) and the presentation of the results of its use in the study of medical and biological physics at the Izhevsk State Medical Academy.

Methods. The methods used in the work involve: an integrated approach that includes group expert method, developed by V. S. Cherepanov; taxonomy and thesaurus approach when creating a model of taxonomic structure of knowledge, as well as models of the formation of the knowledge structure.

Results. The algorithm, stages and procedures of knowledge structure formation of trainees are considered in detail; the model of the given process is created; the technology of content selection of a teaching material due to the fixed time that has been released on studying of concrete discipline is shown.

Scientific novelty and practical significance. Advantage of the proposed method and model of students’ knowledge structure formation consists in their flexibility: at certain adaptation they can be used while training to any discipline apart of its specificity and educational institution. Observance of all stages of the presented technology of content selection of a teaching material on the basis of an expert estimation will promote substantial increase of quality of training; make it possible to develop the unified method uniting the various points of view of teachers on knowledge formation of trainees.

HEALTH SAVING TECHNOLOGIES

121-134 1117
Abstract

The aim of the investigation is to open the content of innovative
approach to a solution of the problem of formation of the valuable attitude towards health and readiness for activities for health preservation and promotion by means of applied music with subjects of educational process.

Methods. Separate components of the declared readiness and the valuable attitude towards health as complete personal education are designed on the basis of problem-oriented interdisciplinary approach using the evaluative, project educational technologies, technologies of applied music. Empirical methods involve.

Results. Experience of an experimental platform is described: fundamental principles of the psychology and pedagogical concept of health creation are realized by means of applied music. The technology of personal growth of pupils which application creates favorable conditions for development of their potential is presented. Approbation of the health creating innovation offered by the author showed its efficiency and steady positive dynamics in acquisition of some competences in the area of attitude towards health and its preservations by students.

Scientific novelty. The author introduces a new didactic unit into educational process – the «Applied Music» component which allows each participant of educational process to form an active position concerning the health and to project an individual strategy of a healthy lifestyle.

Practical significance. Research materials can serve as a basis for optimization of the content of education structure – for the creation of a new throughline of training providing formation of readiness for health preservation and promotion activities with means of applied music. The necessity of this throughline is connected with a health state deterioration tendency of the students and insufficiently developed technologies of health protection.

CONSULTATIONS

135-146 1601
Abstract

The aim of the study is to consider the problem of empirical research aimed at identifying the personality traits of students as bearers of innovation culture: innovative susceptibility, assertiveness, autonomy in decision-making, initiative and responsibility.

Methods. In accordance with the object and purpose of the empirical research, empirical methods are used: instructional design model, observation, notes and forming experiments, testing, questionnaire, interview, qualitative analysis of empirical data; block of complementary techniques: «Research of features of response to conflict» (by K. Thomas), «Assertiveness», «Leader. Qualities of a Leader», «Leading representative system».

Scientific novelty and results. Scientific novelty consists in the justification of psycho-pedagogical tools for diagnosing the level of development of the innovation culture of students of high school. It is found that students who successfully realizing the potential strength and ability to organize their own life, educational activities and communication on the basis of aggregate conscious goals, values in assertiveness, are outer-directed to innovation taking place in society and in the world. The use of innovative technologies in the educational process, especially creative projects, the decision of cases, holding debates, simulations and role-playing games creates conditions for the development of assertive behavior required in the process of successful adaptation and integration of students in the educational environment of the university, the acquisition of competitiveness in the society. It is concluded that the presence of the students’ considerable potential for the development of an innovation culture, in particular the leading representative of different systems, allowing to develop communication skills and engage in constructive dialogue.

Practical significance. Appropriate methods and appropriate tools for diagnosing the level of actualization of the person of students as bearers of an innovative culture are presented. Recommendations for students, teachers and managers of education on development of the qualities corresponding to the high level of innovative culture are formulated. Further research involves the development of the Programme of updating the individual subjects in the educational process and its implementation in higher education.

146-156 2412
Abstract

Aim. The solution version of one of problems of psychology and
pedagogical escort of students at the initial stage of their adaptation to training in higher education institution is stated in the study. Such maintenance obligatory includes diagnostics of a psychological state of pupils that in a traditional state demands considerable expenses by as teachers’ and first-year students’ forces and time. Possibility of elimination of this shortcoming is presented.

Methods. The methods involve the modified Sklyayn’s technique which description is presented in K. Rogers’s works; the technique of the personal differential definition; the technique of definition of the psychological satisfaction in various vital spheres. Students’ relation to the research was found out during anonymous poll.

Results. It is shown that, despite the positive relation to psychological researches from the majority of respondents, there is a problem of the obvious or latent unwillingness of some first-year students to participate in surveys and test work caused by work content and its duration. The alternative to tiresome measurements of indicators of adaptation of pupils to training in higher education institution is presented – the express diagnostics reduce time of monitoring and allow teachers to get students interested. Comparison of the results received at use of Sklyayn’s technique and a technique «Personal differential» shows that they investigate the same phenomenon at nonverbal and verbal levels: correlation of persons’ «real self» and «ideal self». However, if creation of verbal formulations of the person relation to what he/she is, and to what he/she wants to be, can cause difficulties by the examinee, the nonverbal diagnostics turned to subconsciousness, is not only simpler, but also reflects a psychological state of the person more precisely.

Scientific novelty. Modification of the technique by Sklyayn is proposed; it corresponds to bases of the personal aligned approach to psychology and pedagogical maintenance, the opportunity expanding it at the expense of speed and assessment non-complication of an emotional condition of the personality.

Practical significance. Timely detection of difficulties which are experienced by students, starting training in higher education institution, helps improve educational process. Efficiency and advantage of application of nonverbal express diagnostics consists in designing conditions for inclusion in research of the student as the subject of this activity, and offers the possibility to discuss the received results with the pupil immediately following the work.



ISSN 1994-5639 (Print)
ISSN 2310-5828 (Online)