The aim of the investigation is to reveal the reasons of deterioration of education quality at the Soviet and Post-Soviet school and, adopting the best experience of the countries that are recognised as world leaders in education; to plan the solution ways to current problems and situation at the Russian school. 

Methods. The principle of a historicism that expresses the necessity of concrete historical studying of the public phenomena is put in a basis of methodology of the research conducted by the author; it includes pedagogical phenomena (in the course of its origin), its development and transformation, taking into account variety of its communications, dependences and mediations. 

The concrete methods used in work, are typical for theoretical research: the analysis, an estimation and reduction in system of the empirical and generalised material on the selected theme. Large corpus of the scientific literature is studied. The data of the published international researches on education in which our country is widely involved (PISA, TIMSS), and also the national researches undertaken in the USA, Great Britain and other countries are considered. Methods of expert estimations, and direct supervision of educational process in secondary and higher educational institutions are applied. 

Results. The general characteristic of evolution of quality of the Russian education is presented during the Soviet and Post-Soviet periods. The factors which have had negative influence on quality of school training during the various periods are revealed. The estimation of the reasons which have caused failures of school reforms, carried out in the USSR in the 60–80s and within two last decades in modern Russia is given. The concurrent important positive shifts in this sphere, taking place in the same years are noted. Results of the international researches on education (PISA and TIMSS) are presented; the scoring of Russia among other states is defined, following the results of the testing of students revealing level of reading literacy, mathematical and natural-science competence. 

Scientific novelty. The author finds out the true reasons which have caused gradual decrease of quality indicators of education still long before disintegration of Soviet Union, aiming to overcome the settled representations and the stereotypes, concerning evolutions of school training quality in Russia. New elements of strategy of an education development in the countries which have become the powerful and leading nations in the given sphere are found out and considered based on the findings of the international researches. 

Practical significance. Perspective directions of preparation of the pedagogical personnel complying with the qualifying characteristics of modern requirements are allocated. Realisation of practical measures according to these directions and taking into account specificity of regions of Russia will promote training improvement of quality education in Russia that has the important strategic value for the future of our state. 

The aim of the investigation is to disclosure essence, purpose and coherence of the system of general education through its subject content. 

Methods. The methods involve literature overview, theoretical research and observation. Combined application on the methodological level has provided a systematic approach to identifying the goals of general education and the structuring of its substantive content. 

Results. The development of students’ speculative powers should be the main task of general education whereby they can create individual model representation according to form but meaningfully adequate to the real life. The scheme of model representations development in the process of general education is proposed. 

Scientific novelty. The pedagogical model of development of educational process is proposed as the instrument of educational and social adaptation for students; the model represents a logical sequence of formation by students an adequate model of reality with increasing complexity. 

Practical significance. The proposed pedagogical model allows considering the process of general education mastery and development in absolute unity of its subject content, which should lead to the formation and development of competence in the field of adequate modeling of situations of reality. 

The aim of the study is to identify promising areas of the development of environmental education at secondary school and a substantiation of the urgent decision necessity of a problem of formation noospheric vision of the world by the students. 

Methods. The methods involve logical-methodological and historical and methodological analysis of some concepts; theoretical analysis of philosophical, psychological, pedagogical and sociological literature; analysis of existing programs, textbooks on Natural Sciences of the secondary school; modeling of contents science education. 

Results. The necessity of the complex approach to development of ecocentric ecological consciousness and formation of noospheric worldviews among school students is proved on the basis of the philosophical and psychologicalpedagogical analysis of concept "view of the world" and estimations of prospects of development of a human civilisation. The structure of the view of the world is presented; the principles including moral basis and ethical standards which are required to be mastered by pupils of educational institutions are defined. 

Scientific novelty. The definition of noospheric worldviews is given; its structure and the basic channels of formation are shown: cognitive (translation of knowledge about the world and the person), perceptive (involving in educational process of emotions and feelings), and practical (inclusion of the person in socially-significant, nature-aligned, creative activity). 

Practical significance. The research findings can be useful while modeling the environmental education in educational institutions; practical work of teachers, teachers of an additional education; development of training programs and manuals, contributing to the spread of knowledge on ecology, integrity of the Universe, noospheric ethics, and importance to civilisation preservation of naturealigned attitude of the person to the world around. 

The aim of the article is to present the results of managing the competence oriented self-directed student learning while studying graphical subjects at Kalashnikov Izhevsk State Technical University.

Methods. The technology of self-directed engineering-graphical training of future bachelors based on the analysis of educational literature and teaching experience, providing individualization and professional education is suggested. The method of team expert appraisal was used at all stages of self-directed learning management. This method is one of main in qualimetry (the science concerned with assessing and evaluating the quality of any objects and processes); it permits to reveal the components of engineering-graphical competence, to establish the criteria and markers of determining the level of its development, to perform expert evaluation of student tasks and estimation procedures.

Results. It has been established that the revitalization of student selfdirected learning owing to professional education and individualization permits to increase the level of student engineering-graphical competence development. 

Scientific novelty. The criteria evaluation procedures for determining the level of student engineering-graphical competence development in the process of their professional oriented self-directed learning while studying graphical subjects at a technical university are developed.

Practical significance. The professional-focused educational trajectories of independent engineering-graphic preparation of students are designed and substantially filled in content. Such training is being realised at the present time at Kalashnikov Izhevsk State Technical University, major «Instrument Engineering». 

Article retracted

The aim of the investigation is to consider the issues of constitutionally guaranteed type of education on the basis of the analysis of modern normative documents in the field of secondary vocational education and the existing practice of functioning of such institutions. 

Scientific novelty and results. The level approach to realization of the principle of professionalizing of youth, and creation of the system of continuous professional education meeting requirements of regional economy are proved. In the conditions of development of an applied bachelor degree at the higher school establishments of secondary professional education there is the need to occupy the niche in reproduction of qualified personnel, to begin the effective link connecting the general and higher education, and to promote really realization of the principle of professionalizing of youth. According to the author, it is possible to organize the educational process in establishments of secondary professional education on the step-level basis allowing to master consistently in the course of training hierarchical educational tasks (stereotypic, diagnostic, creative) and the corresponding common cultural, all-professional, professional competences. 

Levels and principles of content formation of the secondary vocational education are revealed, allowing within the constraints of the concept «from technology to a profession» to build various educational trajectories in regional systems of continuing education. Prospects of development of the secondary vocational education are designated. 

Practical significance. Secondary vocational education with the status of a profile direction in system of continuous formation and working out of its maintenance according to certain levels, each of which contains invariant and variablebased parts, will promote the efficiency of the professionalization process of the oncoming generation and will strengthen interrelation of the general and a vocational school, and also will provide the constitutional guarantees to citizens. 

The aim of the present article is to discuss current opportunities for prevention of vandal behavior of young people, taking into account the structural features of valuable sphere of teenagers and young men. 

Methods. Methods involve psychognostic techniques such as an axiological questionnaire by S.Schwarz, a questionnaire «Motives of vandal behaviour» by I. V. Vorobyeva, O. V. Kruzhkova, S. A. Ostrikova; method of theoretical modelling. 

Results. Vandalism is described as a fairly common phenomenon among young people, which may be the result not only of deviant orientation of the individual, but also the result of a mismatch of individual values of teenager or young man and imposed by society requirements for his value orientations. 832 teenagers took part in the complex psychological studies. The following four different groups of respondents have been identified and studied: – with an agreed system of prosocial value orientations; – respondents with a mismatched (deformed) system of values; – respondents with a destructive (antagonistic) system of value orientations; – respondents with agreed antisocial system of value orientations. The model of prevention of vandalism among young people is developed on the basis of the psychological characteristics of these groups and the description of the genesis and causes of vandal behavior with following applying the method of theoretical modeling. This model is based on the principles of accounting axiological aspects of regulation of activity, consideration of personal values as a dynamic system, taking into account the degree of stability of the system of individual value orientations, differentiation and depth of the psychological impact of variation in the choice of forms and methods of psychological influence. The recommendations are proposed; the most appropriate psychological work aspects with each of the groups of respondents are described. 

Scientific novelty. The proposed authors’ model involves personal values that are considered as a dynamic system. Fundamentally new approach to prevention interventions is realised: the model focuses not so much on sanctions actions as on technologies of psychological influences on the problem personality; and formation of steady prosocial strategy of person’s behaviour. 

Practical significance. The research findings and the application of the proposed model can be useful while planning of educative work in terms of educational institutions by the teachers, administrators and parents, as it provides the possibility to organize selective and point events to prevent destructive behavior of pupils and students, taking into account the characteristics of their value and the scope of actual problems in the manifestation of activity. 

The aim of the article is to demonstrate the need of preparing future teachers to use distance learning technologies in the professional activities. Introduction in educational process of distance learning technologies contributes to improving the quality of education. 

Methods. The authors’ technique of preparation of students of pedagogical specialities to work in the information-educational environment is designed on the basis of the analysis and generalisation of numerous scientific publications. 

Results. The system of training to implementation of the distance learning technologies in the teaching activity is developed and described, consisting of the following directions: realisation within the program of the principal educational program of specialised training courses in variable-based curriculum parts; the organisation of educational and research activity of students with the use of distance learning technologies; classroom-based and extracurricular independent work of students directed to designing of teaching and learning aids and materials on the basis of distance learning technologies; application of elements of distance learning technologies for students’ teaching; attraction of students to formation of corpus of multimedia educational resources of university. The purposes, the content and expected results of each direction are specified. 

Scientific novelty. The authors point out that concrete scientifically wellfounded methodical recommendations for the future teachers on implementation of distance learning technologies haven’t been presented in the Russian literature till now; despite an abundance of scientifically-information sources of distance learning technologies and sufficiently high-leveled degree knowledge of the issues of its efficiency in educational activity, conditions of introduction of such technologies in high school, construction of models of distance training. Authors of article have tried to close this gap. 

Practical significance. The authors of the presented study propose and describe task-oriented, stage-by-stage, consistent preparation of the future teachers for an effective usage of distance learning technologies. Such preparation allows teachers to rationalize teaching and training processes, to improve means of monitoring, diagnostics of educational activity; it considerably expands didactic, information, methodical and technological possibilities of pedagogical activity. 

The purpose of the study is to analyze the main dysfunctions of the Russian premium institutes in the field of education and science, and to find out its leveling instruments, by examining the experience of foreign countries; to identify the basic requirements for the novitiate for state awards to employees of education and science in modern Russia in comparison with foreign countries. 

Methods. Neo institutional approach is used by the author. Methods involve comparative analysis, cross-national analysis, and classification. The original solution of tasks associated with the use of a single system-approach to the sociological study of state awards in the sphere of education and science, is extrapolated from institutional economics. 

Results. The basic approaches to the determination of the nature and functions of awards institutions in the field of education and science are considered; its relationship with other social, economic and political trends of contemporary politics in Russia is noted. The basic conditions of non-material motivation of workers of scientifically-educational area in modern Russia in comparison with other countries, including the post-Soviet territory states are defined. Both officially established rules and other requirements to candidates on reception of the state honourable distinctions, observed with the Soviet period are considered. The study identifies the main factors that influence the perception of the role of changes in modern society awards, offers solutions to the identified problems. 

Scientific novelty. The critical analysis of working rules of the Russian legislation regulating an order (procedures) of rewarding has allowed to reveal major disadvantages of the Russian institute of the state awards: opacity of estimated judgements considering the work of the applicant for the award; absence of accurate hierarchy of the state awards and quantity indicators at measurement of merits and results of activity; value of awards loss in the opinion of a society and separate citizens, etc. Ways of the solution of the revealed problems are offered. In particular, the author points out that it is necessary to create an incentive system intended not only for remote prospect (for example, upon reaching a pension age), but also for the current labour period; material remuneration should be a sufficient impulse for professionals and based on a recognition of achievements, first of all, by colleagues (of the same profession), not unauthorized people. It is necessary to work out quantity indicators for an estimation of activity of educators and academics. Introduction of the structured requirements to this activity is to make objective process of representation to the state awards and will generate professional work standards. Moreover, it is necessary to lower qualifications on presence of the certain experience and to remove some other restrictions for the state recognition. 

Practical significance. According to the author’s analysis, the reduction of dysfunctions of the Russian premium institutes will allow to return retention feature in the sphere of education and sciences of the most valuable personnel; to involve «a fresh creative power» in the given field of work; to create reference points of professional growth for working teachers and scientists; to generate the potential workers concepts of high social value and the importance of professional work in an educational sphere and science. 

Аbstract. The aim of the article is to consider the possibilities of use of case technologies in educational process of the university; to prove the efficiency and perspectivity of the given method while training the future expertsprofessionals

Methods. Retrospective and abstract analyses of the scientific-theoretical and practical literature are used while describing the history of development of case-study technology and its didactic possibilities. Test materials are used as the measuring tool of dynamics of informative activity of students, changes of level of their knowledge and abilities in the process of skilled-experimental work.

Results and scientific novelty. The way of formation of concept «case technology» is shown; examples of various approaches to understanding of the given method are given; author's experience of research of the given problem is described; stages of work with case technology are allocated. It is experimentally proved that case technologies not only help to fix subject knowledge, to find professional the competence, but also promote development of creative thinking, and form skills of behaviour in a group: abilities to operate in a team, to state and defend the point of view, to listen, to carry on dialogue, to ask questions, to operate with the knowledge, building logic schemes of the problem solution. Besides, during the training period using a case technology students study independent ways of knowledge acquisition which are necessary for the modern professional in constantly ever-changing economic and social realities.

The case method reveals creative potential, learns to think and operate differently not only students, but also teachers. This method promotes democratisation of educational process, formation of teachers’ progressive thinking, raises motivation of pedagogical activity.

Practical significance. The article provides conclusions and recommendations for the use of case technologies in the educational process at the university.

The aim of the article is to represent reflections on the crisis of science and logical thinking (within the framework of Social Science, Humanities and higher education) that has its local and global manifestations; the author focused own attention on the manifestations in order to understand its depth and possible ways of overcoming them. 

Methods. A number of theoretical methods have been used in the article: analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, comparison and classification, methods of extrapolation and modeling, as well as participant observation. 

Results. Local manifestations of the crisis of science and logical thinking associated with human factor in the national system of higher professional education in the era of virtualization and commercialization are expressed in reducing efforts and productivity of scientific research, due to the existing contradictions between changed requirements that enumerate professional duties of a lecturer and possibilities of combining and productive implementation of traditional and new professional roles. In particular, researches turn to promoters of themselves to solve financial and organizational issues of a scientific research and promotion of ratings. Changes in the sense of scientific activity in respect to educators and their personal attitude to new requirements will eventually face the eternal problem of attitude to knowledge and to the actual problem of change of knowledge subject in non-classical model and post-non-classical model of science. Expression of a researcher’s individuality encounters many obstacles (the author has identified 10 of them) and is complicated by new facets of this subjectivity, induced by «logistics turn point» in science. 

Scientific novelty. The author proves that it is necessary to change nonclassical subject knowledge model (where the corporate subject leaning for the general ways and collective norms of scientific activity dominates) for postnonclassical – individualized, wherein the subject possesses own way of thinking, own language; as it allows to create new knowledge. However, occurrence of such researcher is complicated by many obstacles. 

The author introduces the concept of «scientific logistics», i.e. scientific advancement of research results in virtual and real-life spaces in order to gain a dividend in material or symbolic form. When scientific logistics from a subsidiary position is moved to the center of academic life «logistics turn point» in science occurs. The meaning of learning is changing. Now it is more about search of potential consumers of the information then search of the truth. Scientific logistics measured in scientometric quantitative indexes and in their income as a calculated direct commercial effect performs the image function for a research, providing improved individual and corporate status. At the same time, these changes can turn into the veiled substitution of true scientific creativity, its transformation into formal manufacture of «a pseudoscientific spam». 

Practical significance. The research implementations can be useful for conceptual foresight of possible ways of improving scientific research at university, including possibility of making a new working agreement – «and effective contract», grounding its alleged advantages and objective limits on the way of increasing efforts and productivity of scientific research.

The concept-theoretical problems of lyceum education are investigated. Lyceum as a type of educational institution is observed as a cultural phenomenon. Educational activities are examined from the cultural point of view that creates conditions for spiritual and moral upbringing, patriotic education, based on the true feelings and attitudes. 

The aim of the investigation is to identify the essential characteristics of lyceum education, its values, ideals and goals of development, its synergy potential in the innovative development of the whole education sector. 

Methods. Historical, cultural and pedagogical analysis of modern lyceum education from the point of the development of democratic goals and global challenges was submitted. The problem of personal identification in the system of social relations and cultural processes is analyzed. The problems of scientific knowledge about the lyceum education and their bases are studied. Traditions of lyceum education are analyzed. It is indicated that they give the coordinates of scientific thinking that require a philosophical hermeneutic approach to the understanding of modern life and the analysis of contradictory processes and phenomena of reality that provide the nurturing and development of the individual. 

The results of research have heuristic value. The creation of new schools is based not only on the search for a universal, repetitive, but on the study of special, exceptional, which is not only now seize the minds of mankind. It’s required to anticipate the expectations of the future, based on the spiritual experience of humanity in order to grasp the unknown, which can be revealed only in the most general outlines. 

Scientific novelty. The definition of lyceum education is given and modern features are highlighted. The technology of training professional and social leaders is identified. 

Practical significance. Historical, cultural and pedagogical analysis of realworld experience creating high schools and prospects of development of this type of education in modern society is given. The practical significance of the study lies in the fact that lyceum is considered broader than the school with in-depth study of specific subjects, but as a center of reflection and formation of innovative experience. 

The aim of the investigation is to show long-felt need of formation of proof motivation to physical culture and skills of a healthy way of life among university students, whose specialties are not connected with the sports. 

Methods. The methods involve survey and questionnaire as a part of sociological research (such methods were used to find out what place occupies health in the system of modern students’ values, and what are be the basic motives of a healthy way of life of student’s youth). The standard computer statistical analysis was applied to processing of research results. 

Scientific novelty and results. Modern interpretation of the term «physical training» is given. Authors of the present study maintain and prove the fact that not only simply applied aspect of the formation, helping to achieve quality health of the person and to get the competence of professional sports, but also a science concerning the ways and technologies of achievement of harmony of the personal development, provide successful preparation for work on the chosen specialty. Data of sociological research shows stereotypic representations of students on physical training as a way of improvement of muscles work and increase its weight. The research show total imperception of the fact that muscles activity is reflected in emotionally-shaped thinking; successful mastering of modern scientific knowledge, active ability to live, successful implementation of personal and professional plans are impossible without such activities. Low valeological competence of parents, school teachers, tutors and teachers of higher schools is revealed as the main reason of an absence of students’ organisation skills of a healthy way of life, and upkeeping the state of health. 

Practical significance. Research materials justify that the system of mass physical training requires conceptual reforming; it is required to include reconsideration of a place and role of the so-named discipline in the higher school.